Angela_fRPH♏

🧪 Ninhydrin = presence of AA (+violet) 🧪 Xanthoproteic = W, Y, F (+yellow) 🧪 Millon = Y (+rose/salmon) 🧪 Pauly's = Y, W, H (+red) 🧪 Hopkin-cole = W (+violet ring) 🧪 Sakaguchi = R (+red) 🧪 Na Nitroprusside = C (+red) 🧪 Biuret = peptide bond (+violet)

💡random tests in ORGANIC CHEMISTRY💡 📌 baeyer's - alkenes 📌 belstein - alcohol 📌 Lucas - 2° and 3° alcohol 📌brady - aldehyde and ketones 📌 iodoform - methyl ketones 📌 hinsberg - amines

TESTS‼️ —UNSATURATED compounds • BROMINE • BAEYER’S • XANTHOPROTEIC —HALOGENATED compounds • BEILSTEIN —OXYGEN containing compounds • LUCAS • FERRIC CHLORIDE • JONES OXIDATION • TOLLEN’S • FEHLING’S • BRADY’S • IODOFORM —NITROGEN containing compounds • HINSBERG

Tri Cats of Ms. Diaz >SulfaDIAZine + TRImethoprim --> For Toxoplasmosis Fancy ParaDox (PyriDox) ano meaning neto? MALAy ko (Malaria) >PYRImethmine + SulfaDOXine (Fansidar [BN]) --> For Malaria Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (Bactrim [BN], Co-Trimoxazole) --> For PCP

🛑 Biochemistry – Rate Limiting Steps (Must Know ⚡) 🔷️ Glycolysis → PFK-1 🔷️ Gluconeogenesis → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 🔷️ Glycogenesis → Glycogen synthase 🔷️ Glycogenolysis → Glycogen phosphorylase 🔷️ TCA Cycle → Isocitrate dehydrogenase 🔷️ HMP Shunt → G6PD 🔷️ Fatty Acid Synthesis → Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 🔷️ β-Oxidation → Carnitine acyltransferase I 🔷️ Cholesterol Synthesis → HMG-CoA reductase 🔷️ Urea Cycle → CPS-1 🔷️ Purine Synthesis → PRPP amidotransferase 🔷️ Pyrimidine Synthesis → CPS-2 💡 Exam Trick: 👉 “Synthesis = usually first committed step” 👉 “Breakdown = key control enzyme”

COENZYMES: organic compound derived from vitamins 📍Biocytin (B7) - carboxylation 📍Coenzyme A (B5) - acetylation 📍NAD+/NADH (B3) - transfer of electrons 📍FAD+/FADH (B9) - transfer of electrons 📍Pyridoxal PO (B6) - transaminases 📍Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) - decarboxylation

📌 Phases of Metabolism 🌟 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗚𝗚𝗔𝗦𝗠 🌟 Phase 1: Functionalization Rxn 𝗛ydrolysis 𝗢xidation 𝗥eduction Phase 2: Conjugation Rxn 𝗚lucuronidation 𝗚lycine conjugation 𝗚lutathione conjugation 𝗔cetylation 𝗦ulfation 𝗠ethylation

🤸‍♀️ REMEMBER Neonates: 0-30 days (first 4 weeks) Infants: 1mon-12mons Toddlers: 1-3yrs Preschoolers: 3-5yrs Late Childhood: 6-12yrs Adolescence: 13-17yrs

PALAGI KO NAKAKALIMUTAN AGAGSGSGAGAGA AAAAHHHH KAKAKABA SO MUCH

USMLE step 1 nightmares: - Pyrimidine metabolism - Purine metabolism - HMP shunt - Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis - Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis - Fructose and Galactose metabolism - Fatty acid metabolism - Amino acid metabolism - Ketone metabolism - Krebs cycle - Urea cycle

🌟 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐍𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 🌟 𝘪𝘯 𝘢𝘵𝘴𝘶𝘦𝘵𝘦, 𝘣𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘢𝘺, & 𝘵𝘢𝘸𝘢-𝘵𝘢𝘸𝘢 𝘸𝘦 𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘴t 🙌🏽

M1 Tables

M1: 📍inorg mk: drive.google.com/file/d/1lInhHL… M2: 📍metab paths & tests compressed: drive.google.com/file/d/102gvAU… M3: 📍pharmcal formulas drive.google.com/file/d/1nz-4lS… M4: 📍drive.google.com/drive/folders/… M5: xori 😣 M6: 📍qc&qa mk drive.google.com/file/d/1EALgNW… 📍qc formulas drive.google.com/file/d/1NDVg87…

Most Abundant Elements Of The Earth's Crust Element - Approximate % By Weight ✅Oxygen - 46.6% ✅Silicon (Si) - 27.7% ✅Aluminium (Al) - 8.1% ✅Iron - 5.0% ✅Calcium (Ca) - 3.6% ✅Sodium (Na) - 2.8% ✅Potassium (K) - 2.6% ✅Magnesium (Mg) - 1.5% It will cost you ₹0 to Retweet

Zinc (Zn²⁺): Zinc is an essential trace element involved in immunity, wound healing, growth, and enzyme function. The body does not store zinc → regular intake is important. ⚙️ What Does Zinc Do? -Immune function → supports T-cells & antibody production. -Enzyme cofactor (over 300 enzymes). -DNA synthesis & cell division. -Wound healing & tissue repair. -Taste & smell perception. -Normal growth & sexual development. 📌 Clinical Uses of Zinc: 1️⃣ Zinc Deficiency Treatment: -Common in malnutrition, chronic diarrheas, malabsorption, alcoholism. -Deficiency signs: -Poor wound healing - Loss of taste/smell - Alopecia -Periorificial dermatitis -Recurrent infections 2️⃣ Acute Diarrhea (Children): -WHO recommends zinc to reduce duration & severity of diarrhea. 3️⃣ Wound & Burn Care: -Enhances epithelial repair and healing. 4️⃣ Common Cold (Adjunct): -May shorten symptom duration if started early (evidence mixed). ⚠️ Important Interactions & Tips: •High zinc ↓ copper absorption → risk of copper deficiency. •Separate zinc from iron, calcium, tetracyclines, quinolones (2–4 hours). •Chronic high doses → GI upset, immune dysfunction. 🍽️ Dietary Sources: -Oysters (highest) -Red meat & poultry -Nuts & seeds -Whole grains -Dairy

Selenium (Se)✨: Selenium is an essential trace element that plays a key role in antioxidant defense, thyroid hormone metabolism, and immune function. ⚙️ What Does Selenium Do? •Antioxidant activity → part of glutathione peroxidase. •Thyroid hormone metabolism → converts T4 → T3. •Immune function → supports T-cell activity. •Protection against oxidative stress. •Cardiovascular health. 📌Clinical Uses of Selenium: 1️⃣ Selenium Deficiency Treatment Seen in: •Long-term parenteral nutrition •Malabsorption syndromes •Chronic diarrhea •Severe malnutrition Deficiency manifestations: •Keshan disease(dilated cardiomyopathy). •Muscle weakness. •Recurrent infections. •Cognitive changes. 2️⃣ Thyroid Support: •Used in Hashimoto thyroiditis. •Reduces thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab). ⚠️ Selenium Toxicity (Selenosis): •Garlic-like breath odor, •Nausea, diarrhea. •Hair loss. •Brittle nails. •Irritability, fatigue. 📌 Usually from excess supplementation, not diet. 🍽️ Dietary Sources: •Brazil nuts (very high – caution). •Seafood. •Eggs . •Whole grains . •Meat & poultry.

1) Electrolytes are substances that have a natural positive or negative charge when dissolved into water. They are vital in regulating body pH levels, nerve, and muscle function. The main electrolytes that are found in the body ↓

Which adverse effect is more common with spironolactone than eplerenone? A. Hypokalemia B. Gynecomastia C. Bradycardia D. Hypernatremia

My weird mnemonic na pwede pang Mod 1 and 6 Rochelle Salt: Potassium Sodium Tartrate Karl Fischer 1° Std.: Sodium Tartrate

🔵 blue/roman/salzburg vitriol: copper sulfate ⚪ white vitriol: zinc sulfate 🟢 green vitrol: ferrous sulfate 🟠 plaster of paris: calcium sulfate hemihydrate 🟠 gypsum/ terra alba: calcium sulfate dihydrate