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25 Linux commands every DevOps engineer should know — and when you actually use them.
You don’t need 300 commands.
You need the right 25 when production is on fire.
Here’s the real-world Linux toolkit I’ve used in incidents, outages, and late-night debugging sessions:
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🔥 Process & CPU Debugging
1️⃣ top / htop → See what’s eating CPU & memory right now
2️⃣ ps aux → List every running process with ownership
3️⃣ strace → Trace system calls (last-resort debugging)
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🌐 Networking & Connectivity
4️⃣ lsof -i → Which process owns which port
5️⃣ ss -tulnp → Active connections & listening sockets
6️⃣ netstat -rn → Routing table (when traffic disappears)
7️⃣ tcpdump → Capture real packets when curl lies to you
8️⃣ curl -v → Full HTTP request/response with headers & TLS
9️⃣ dig / nslookup → DNS resolution debugging
🔟 traceroute / mtr → Track packet path & failure point
1️⃣1️⃣ iptables -L → Firewall rules (often the silent culprit)
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💾 Memory, Disk & System Health
1️⃣2️⃣ df -h / du -sh → Disk usage before “no space left” hits
1️⃣3️⃣ free -m → Memory overview (buffers & cache included)
1️⃣4️⃣ vmstat 1 → Real-time CPU, memory & IO snapshot
1️⃣5️⃣ iotop → Identify disk-heavy processes
1️⃣6️⃣ uptime → Quick node health via load averages
1️⃣7️⃣ dmesg -T → Kernel logs (OOM kills show up here)
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📜 Logs & Services
1️⃣8️⃣ journalctl -b -1 → Logs from previous boot
1️⃣9️⃣ systemctl status → Service state, exit codes & recent logs
2️⃣0️⃣ crontab -l → Scheduled jobs (often forgotten until they fail)
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👤 Access & System Info
2️⃣1️⃣ who / last → Who logged in & when
2️⃣2️⃣ env / printenv → What environment variables are actually set
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📂 Files & Permissions
2️⃣3️⃣ find / -name → Locate files across the system
2️⃣4️⃣ tar -xvf / gzip → Compress & extract archives
2️⃣5️⃣ chmod / chown → Fix permission issues (classic production task)
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You don’t need to memorize all of them.
But if one of these saves you 20 minutes during an incident…
It was worth knowing.
Linux isn’t optional in DevOps.
It’s the foundation.
#DevOps #Linux
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