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A 94-year-old Nobel laureate spent his career proving the Big Bang created our universe. Now he is arguing that the Big Bang was the death of the universe before ours.
Roger Penrose won half the 2020 Nobel Prize for a 1965 paper. He showed that any star big enough, when it collapses under its own weight, has to form a black hole. It is still considered the most important work on Einstein's theory of gravity since Einstein himself. The same math says our universe began at a singularity, a single point so dense that physics breaks down inside it. Stephen Hawking later joined him to extend the proof to the universe itself.
Then in 2010, at 79, he proposed something stranger. The Big Bang was a handoff between universes. One universe ended at the moment ours began.
His theory is called Conformal Cyclic Cosmology. Space keeps expanding forever, pushed apart by dark energy, a force scientists cannot fully explain. Eventually stars die, galaxies drift apart, and all matter falls into supermassive black holes, some as heavy as a hundred trillion suns. Those black holes then slowly evaporate through Hawking radiation, where particles slip out from the edge until nothing is left. The process takes about 10^106 years, a 1 followed by 106 zeros. Our universe is only 13.8 billion years old.
Only massless particles remain, mostly photons of light. Penrose noticed that particles with no mass cannot experience time, because nothing inside them can tick like a clock. Without time, the difference between infinitely big and infinitely small disappears. A vast empty universe, stretched out forever, ends up looking identical to a new Big Bang. Penrose argued they are the same thing.
In 2018, he and three other physicists published a paper in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. They claimed to find about 30 bright dots in the cosmic microwave background, the Big Bang's faint afterglow. They called the dots Hawking points, each the dying glow of a supermassive black hole from the universe before ours, leaking through the seam between worlds.
When other astronomers reanalyzed the data in 2020, the dots could be explained by ordinary physics. A 2022 machine learning search could not confirm the patterns. Penrose has not backed down.
If he is right, every black hole, including the giant one at the center of our galaxy, is quietly weaving the next universe. Heat death becomes inheritance. The man who proved beginnings have to exist is spending his last years trying to prove there is no such thing as a beginning.
All day Astronomy@forallcurious
🚨: Nobel prize winner physicists, Roger Penrose says the Big Bang was not the beginning of our universe, rather it was the end of the previous one
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