Amit Mane

How the JVM Works We compile, run, and debug Java code all the time. But what exactly does the JVM do between compile and run? Here's the flow: Build: javac compiles your source code into platform-independent bytecode, stored as .class files, JARs, or modules. Load: The class loader subsystem brings in classes as needed using parent delegation. Bootstrap handles core JDK classes, Platform covers extensions, and System loads your application code. Link: The Verify step checks bytecode safety. Prepare allocates static fields with default values, and Resolve turns symbolic references into direct memory addresses. Initialize: Static variables are assigned their actual values, and static initializer blocks execute. This happens only the first time the class is used. Memory: Heap and Method Area are shared across threads. The JVM stack, PC register, and native method stack are created per thread. The garbage collector reclaims unused heap memory. Execute: The interpreter runs bytecode directly. When a method gets called multiple times, the JIT compiler converts it to native machine code and stores it in the code cache. Native calls go through JNI to reach C/C++ libraries. Run: Your program runs on a mix of interpreted and JIT-compiled code. Fast startup, peak performance over time.

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