
In the evolution of the universe, there are two key concepts. One is “threshold”—that critical point at which accumulation reaches, so to speak, a limit, and cannot go any further without producing qualitative or structural changes.
The other is “emergence”—what appears on the other side of the threshold: something radically new, something that did not exist before.
With this in mind, we can easily understand how chemistry emerges from physics, how biology emerges from chemistry, and how consciousness emerges from biology.

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