Lex Fridman

Here's my conversation with historian Lars Brownworth all about the Vikings, from the start of the Vikings Age to the conquest of Europe and beyond. This was an epic & mind-blowing conversation. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Episode highlight 1:17 - Introduction 2:37 - The start of the Viking Age 12:30 - Viking military strategy, tactics & technology 26:13 - Ragnar Lothbrok 35:40 - The Great Heathen Army 40:23 - Rollo and Normandy 50:34 - Viking religion and Valhalla 1:01:06 - Viking explorers 1:06:13 - Vikings in North America 1:19:35 - Vikings in the East 1:39:14 - Byzantine Empire 1:47:57 - History and human nature

@elonmusk Agreed.

True currency is steadfast friendship

Here's the links for my conversation with historian Lars Brownworth all about the Vikings. YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=iKx3gA… Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc… Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast

Here's my conversation with historian Lars Brownworth all about the Vikings, from the start of the Vikings Age to the conquest of Europe and beyond. This was an epic & mind-blowing conversation. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Episode highlight 1:17 - Introduction 2:37 - The start of the Viking Age 12:30 - Viking military strategy, tactics & technology 26:13 - Ragnar Lothbrok 35:40 - The Great Heathen Army 40:23 - Rollo and Normandy 50:34 - Viking religion and Valhalla 1:01:06 - Viking explorers 1:06:13 - Vikings in North America 1:19:35 - Vikings in the East 1:39:14 - Byzantine Empire 1:47:57 - History and human nature

This life is fucking amazing. I'm so grateful to be alive, with all of you on this miracle of a planet. Oh and I'm sorry if I fuck things up sometimes. I'm a flawed human. But I promise to do whatever I can to try to add some more understanding and love to this world. After the world leader convos I get attacked intensely by all sides, and many disparate online communities. It has led to some really low points for me mentally. But I don't matter. I'm listening. I'll do better. And I'll try to find the strength to do more of them, always with rigor and backbone, seeking to truly understand. And despite accusations, I do extremely high amounts of research, sometimes 100+ hours for a conversation. Ask many of my previous guests. But when I come to the table, I put all that aside, and make it all about the other person. I don't ever try to sound smart. I know the vastness of my ignorance. But I'm trying. Sometimes I do fuck up and sound like a douche, or do something incredibly cringe. And I hate myself right after. But I'd rather fail and embarrass myself a million times, than not do what my heart says is right. And besides world leaders, historians, CEOs, engineers, etc, this year I want to travel the world and talk to a lot more everyday people on and off the mic. This is something I've wanted to do for a long time. Anyway this is written while on I'm on a 10 mile run, probably procrastinating, since to type I have to walk and not run 🤣 But I did just get stopped by a super smart and kind girl who works at a humanoid robotics company here. And she asked if she can give me a hug to thank me for being me. Sometimes the universe sends you a message that even a dumb dude like me can almost hear. I really needed that today. Thank you for the hug and the kindness 🙏 I'm just hoping she was real and I didn't just imagine that 🤣 Then again if I went full crazy might as well enjoy it! Back to the run. I love you all! ❤️

Same, I have a similar setup. A mix of Obsidian, Cursor (for md), and vibe-coded web terminals as front-end. Since I do a podcast, the number/diversity of research interests is very large. But the knowledge-base approach has been working great. For answers, I often have it generate dynamic html (with js) that allows me to sort/filter data and to tinker with visualizations interactively. Another useful thing is I have the system generate a temporary focused mini-knowledge-base for a particular topic that I then load into an LLM for voice-mode interaction on a long 7-10 mile run. So it becomes an interactive podcast while I run, where I ask it questions and listen to the answers to learn more. Anyway, heading out for a run now, thanks for the write-up 👊

LLM Knowledge Bases Something I'm finding very useful recently: using LLMs to build personal knowledge bases for various topics of research interest. In this way, a large fraction of my recent token throughput is going less into manipulating code, and more into manipulating knowledge (stored as markdown and images). The latest LLMs are quite good at it. So: Data ingest: I index source documents (articles, papers, repos, datasets, images, etc.) into a raw/ directory, then I use an LLM to incrementally "compile" a wiki, which is just a collection of .md files in a directory structure. The wiki includes summaries of all the data in raw/, backlinks, and then it categorizes data into concepts, writes articles for them, and links them all. To convert web articles into .md files I like to use the Obsidian Web Clipper extension, and then I also use a hotkey to download all the related images to local so that my LLM can easily reference them. IDE: I use Obsidian as the IDE "frontend" where I can view the raw data, the the compiled wiki, and the derived visualizations. Important to note that the LLM writes and maintains all of the data of the wiki, I rarely touch it directly. I've played with a few Obsidian plugins to render and view data in other ways (e.g. Marp for slides). Q&A: Where things get interesting is that once your wiki is big enough (e.g. mine on some recent research is ~100 articles and ~400K words), you can ask your LLM agent all kinds of complex questions against the wiki, and it will go off, research the answers, etc. I thought I had to reach for fancy RAG, but the LLM has been pretty good about auto-maintaining index files and brief summaries of all the documents and it reads all the important related data fairly easily at this ~small scale. Output: Instead of getting answers in text/terminal, I like to have it render markdown files for me, or slide shows (Marp format), or matplotlib images, all of which I then view again in Obsidian. You can imagine many other visual output formats depending on the query. Often, I end up "filing" the outputs back into the wiki to enhance it for further queries. So my own explorations and queries always "add up" in the knowledge base. Linting: I've run some LLM "health checks" over the wiki to e.g. find inconsistent data, impute missing data (with web searchers), find interesting connections for new article candidates, etc., to incrementally clean up the wiki and enhance its overall data integrity. The LLMs are quite good at suggesting further questions to ask and look into. Extra tools: I find myself developing additional tools to process the data, e.g. I vibe coded a small and naive search engine over the wiki, which I both use directly (in a web ui), but more often I want to hand it off to an LLM via CLI as a tool for larger queries. Further explorations: As the repo grows, the natural desire is to also think about synthetic data generation + finetuning to have your LLM "know" the data in its weights instead of just context windows. TLDR: raw data from a given number of sources is collected, then compiled by an LLM into a .md wiki, then operated on by various CLIs by the LLM to do Q&A and to incrementally enhance the wiki, and all of it viewable in Obsidian. You rarely ever write or edit the wiki manually, it's the domain of the LLM. I think there is room here for an incredible new product instead of a hacky collection of scripts.

Humans just launched into space, on their way to the moon (flyby around it). It'll be farthest humans have ever traveled into deep space 🤯 Congrats to all the incredible engineers & teams involved! LFG!!!!!!!

@farzyness 🤣🤣 to be continued...

@lexfridman Only 2.5 hours? I expected at least 7 hours Lex. I'm disappointed.

Here's my conversation with Jensen Huang, CEO of NVIDIA, the most valuable & one of the most influential companies in the history of human civilization. It is the engine powering the AI revolution. This was a fascinating & inspiring conversation, in parts super-technical on engineering of every part of the AI stack, memory, power, supply chain (TSMC, ASML, etc), in parts about leadership & psychology, and in parts personal & philosophical about life, consciousness, mortality, and human nature. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 0:33 - Extreme co-design and rack-scale engineering 3:18 - How Jensen runs NVIDIA 22:40 - AI scaling laws 37:40 - Biggest blockers to AI scaling laws 39:23 - Supply chain 41:18 - Memory 47:24 - Power 52:43 - Elon and Colossus 56:11 - Jensen's approach to engineering and leadership 1:01:37 - China 1:09:50 - TSMC and Taiwan 1:15:04 - NVIDIA's moat 1:20:41 - AI data centers in space 1:24:30 - Will NVIDIA be worth $10 trillion? 1:34:39 - Leadership under pressure 1:48:25 - Video games 1:55:16 - AGI timeline 1:57:29 - Future of programming 2:11:01 - Consciousness 2:17:22 - Mortality

Here's the links for my conversation with Jensen Huang, CEO of NVIDIA: YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=vif8NQ… Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc… Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast

It was an honor to hang out with Jensen Huang, CEO of @nvidia, and do a long-form podcast with him. Really fun & fascinating technical deep-dive conversation on & off the mic. One of the most brilliant & thoughtful human beings I've ever met. NVIDIA is the most valuable company in the world by market cap and is the engine powering the AI revolution. Podcast probably out tomorrow (Monday) unless I get stuck in too many interesting conversations while running around in SF ;-) PS: I haven't checked my messages in days. Sorry for slow replies 🙏 Trying to stay deeply focused at in overwhelmingly intense time & barely hanging on. Love you all ❤️

@kintsugiyama Awesome! I'll be there 😎

We're hosting our first public playtest next week! The Legend of California Alpha will run on Steam from March 26 - 30. Check out the links below for details and how to sign up. Sign up: bit.ly/TLOCSteam Learn more: bit.ly/TLOCAlpha

Here's the links for my conversation with Jeff Kaplan: YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=H9rF1C… Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc… Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast

Here's my conversation with Jeff Kaplan, a legendary Blizzard game designer of World of Warcraft and Overwatch, which are two of the biggest, most influential games ever made. Jeff is one of the most genuine & awesome human beings I've ever met: kind, thoughtful, hilarious, and still & forever a gamer through and through. This was a truly fun & inspiring conversation. We talk about it all: the lows, the highs, the memes, the details of the game design process, and the new game he's been secretely working on: The Legend of California. I got a chance to play the game with Jeff, and it's incredibly beautiful (and fun). You can wishlist it on Steam now. I can't wait to play it with all of you! Conversation is here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Episode highlight 1:27 - Introduction 4:07 - Early games: Pac-Man, Zork, Doom, Quake 18:33 - Writing career - 170 rejection letters 34:06 - EverQuest obsession 47:04 - Getting hired at Blizzard 1:02:32 - Lowest point in Jeff's life 1:08:37 - One of Us 1:12:54 - Early Blizzard culture 1:32:36 - Building World of Warcraft 1:50:20 - How WoW changed video games 2:07:42 - Single-player vs Multi-player 2:28:35 - How Blizzard made great video games 2:54:25 - Online toxicity 3:01:59 - Why Titan failed 3:19:09 - Overwatch in six weeks 3:46:07 - Best Overwatch heroes 3:54:37 - The challenge of matchmaking 3:58:01 - Rust 4:08:22 - Why Jeff left Blizzard 4:30:35 - Diablo IV 4:32:03 - Getting back to making video games 4:40:59 - The Legend of California 4:54:44 - Greatest video game of all time 5:02:51 - AI and future of video games

My conversation with Peter Steinberger (@steipete) is now translated & dubbed into German. Huge thank you to ElevenLabs (@elevenlabs) and @matiii for making it happen. It's available here and on YouTube where you can switch audio tracks by clicking the gear icon > Audio Tracks > select German. I have a lot of hope for this application of AI to break down barriers that language creates, and no one does it better than @elevenlabs. The whole ElevenLabs team has been really fun & inspiring to work with.

Here's the links for my conversation with Peter Steinberger (@steipete), creator of OpenClaw: YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=YFjfBk… Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc… Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast

Here's my conversation with Peter Steinberger (@steipete), creator of OpenClaw, an open-source AI agent that has taken the Internet by storm, with now over 180,000 stars on GitHub. This was a truly mind-blowing, inspiring, and fun conversation! It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Episode highlight 1:30 - Introduction 5:36 - OpenClaw origin story 8:55 - Mind-blowing moment 18:22 - Why OpenClaw went viral 22:19 - Self-modifying AI agent 27:04 - Name-change drama 44:15 - Moltbook saga 52:34 - OpenClaw security concerns 1:01:14 - How to code with AI agents 1:32:09 - Programming setup 1:38:52 - GPT Codex 5.3 vs Claude Opus 4.6 1:47:59 - Best AI agent for programming 2:09:59 - Life story and career advice 2:13:56 - Money and happiness 2:17:49 - Acquisition offers from OpenAI and Meta 2:34:58 - How OpenClaw works 2:46:17 - AI slop 2:52:20 - AI agents will replace 80% of apps 3:00:57 - Will AI replace programmers? 3:12:57 - Future of OpenClaw community

Here's the links for my conversation with Rick Beato (@rickbeato): YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=1SJiTw… Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc… Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast

Here's my conversation with Rick Beato (@rickbeato), a musician, music educator, producer, songwriter, and host of a YouTube channel that celebrates great musicians & musical ideas, and helps millions of people fall in love with great music all over again. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 0:44 - Guitar solos 4:43 - Gypsy jazz and Django Reinhardt 6:14 - Bebop jazz 10:27 - Perfect pitch vs relative pitch 15:04 - Learning to play guitar 38:34 - Miles Davis 44:01 - Bass guitar 45:08 - Greatest guitar solos of all time 1:14:23 - 27 Club 1:19:04 - Elton John 1:22:18 - Metallica 1:26:48 - Tom Waits 1:32:39 - Greatest rock stars 1:36:02 - Beethoven 1:42:37 - Bach 1:45:27 - AI in music 1:59:18 - Sabrina Carpenter 2:02:49 - YouTube copyright strikes 2:08:26 - Spotify 2:19:18 - Guitars 2:23:40 - Advice

It's also on YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=KGVpKP…

Here's a video of me training with Khabib Nurmagomedov (@TeamKhabib), one of the greatest fighters of all time and a great human being. This was truly an honor for me 🙏

@tobi Every day is _the weekend_ 😎🚀

The world of software leaps forward right now _by the weekend_