Martin Sebena

V priebehu roku 2026 mi vyjde viacero článkov v časopisoch Cambridge University Press. Keď som sa do nich púšťal, bol to pre mňa do istej miery experiment, ktorý sa premenil na mimoriadne cennú skúsenosť. Zámerne som si vybral časopisy patriace v mojom odbore do širšej svetovej špičky – reputáciou i scientometriou. Čiastočne z konjunkturálnych dôvodov (lepšia perspektíva európskych grantov), no z väčšej časti zo zvedavosti, ako obstojím v konkurencii. Niekoľko pozorovaní, použiteľných aj v širšej spoločenskej praxi: 1) Slovensko nie je nezaujímavé. Slovensko je výskumná vzorka a zároveň veľké, živé, pulzujúce laboratórium. Periferizujeme, podceňujeme a vytláčame ho na margo často my sami (prosím, aktuálna politika bokom). Naopak, keď sa téma dobre nastaví, zarámcuje do európskej trajektórie a provokatívne sa postaví argument, pre medzinárodné prostredie slovenské reálie predstavujú fascinujúci materiál. Ani raz som nedostal desk reject, teda odmietnutie už v predvýbere od redakcie, udeľované (okrem slabej odbornosti) najmä pre nezáživnosť témy. 2) Až počas zapracovávania pripomienok z peer-review som si uvedomil, ako málo autorov zo Slovenska prehovára do medzinárodného dialógu. Bojazlivosť, pohodlnosť, nevedomosť, ich kombinácia – neviem... V mojej profilácii ich skrátka spočítam na prstoch jednej ruky. Keď ma recenzenti vyzvali doplniť do footnotes historiografický prehľad s dôrazom na anglofónnu literatúru, zistil som, že vlastne nie je veľmi čo. To čiastočne dáva odpoveď na otázku (či výčitku) slovenského publika, prečo má zahraničie o Slovensku, jeho dejinách a spoločnosti také ustrelené predstavy. A čiastočne aj na to, prečo Slovensko patrí k najmizernejším krajinám EÚ v získavaní ERC projektov. 3) Komunikácia na osi redakcia – autor – recenzenti je úplne inde než v našom lokálnom priestore. Čerstvé skúsenosti ma utvrdili v tých pozitívnych z minula (= iné medzinárodné vydavateľstvá ako Taylor&Francis alebo Brill). Napríklad v nemenovanom časopise, považovanom za tzv. vlajkovú loď, sa mi dávnejšie stalo, že po odoslaní článku mi mesiace nik nepotvrdil, že ho vôbec dostali, a to ani napriek opakovaným urgenciám. V inom prípade som sa musel po asi trištvrte roku domáhať posudkov, načo som zistil, že ich redakcia jednoducho na recenzné konanie zabudla poslať. V CUP všetko riešite cez prehľadný redakčný systém: od submission, cez revision rounds vrátane korešpondencie s recenzentmi. Pre názornosť, diskusia k článku pripomína obhajobu dizertačnej práce, len v písomnej podobe. Čo tým celým chcem povedať: profesionalita! Budem pokračovať, pretože making Slovak history & security global ma vcelku baví. A buďme na seba nároční, buďme profesionálni, neodpisujme sa a majme ambície. Vo vede i mimo nej.

Huge surges in automotive trade from China to EU 27 📈Battery exports up 76% 📈EV exports up 61.2% (up 428% in Italy, 278% in France, 167% in Spain, 141% in Germany!) 📈Plug-in hybrid EVs up 158%

Ja by som sa stavil, že kým rakúske regióny rástli skoro dvojnásobne, tie vybrané slovenské rástli rýchlejšie 🧐

BREAKING: Kim Jong-un has won North Korea's parliamentary elections with 99.93% of the vote.

Three weeks into the war with Iran, a number of observations as someone who spent years war-gaming this scenario. 1. The U.S. and Israel may have produced regime transition in the worst possible way. Ali Khamenei was 86 and had survived multiple bouts of prostate cancer. His death in the coming years would likely have triggered a real internal reckoning in Iran, potentially opening the door to somewhat more pragmatic leadership, especially after the protests and crackdown last month. Instead, the regime made its most consequential decision under existential external threat giving the hardliners a clear upperhand. Now we appear to have a successor who is 30 years younger, deeply tied to the IRGC, and radicalized by the war itself – including the killing of family members. Disastrous. 2. About seven years ago at CNAS, I helped convene a group of security, energy, and economic experts to walk through scenarios for a U.S.--Iran war and the implications for global oil prices. What we’re seeing now was considered one of the least likely but worst outcomes. The modeling assumed the Strait of Hormuz could close for 4–10 weeks, with 1–3 years required to restore oil production once you factored in infrastructure damage. Prices could spike from around $65 to $175–$200 per barrel, before eventually settling in the $80–$100 range a year later in a new normal. 3. One surprising development: Iran is still moving oil through the Strait of Hormuz while disrupting everyone else. In most war games I participated in, we assumed Iran couldn’t close the Strait and still use it themselves. That would have made the move extremely self-defeating. But Iran appears capable of harassing global shipping while still pushing some of its own exports through. That changes the calculus. 4. The U.S. now finds itself in the naval and air equivalent of the dynamic we faced in Iraq and Afghanistan. It’s a recipe for a quagmire where we win every battle and lose the war. We have overwhelming military dominance and are exacting a tremendous cost. But Iran doesn’t need to win battles. They just need occasional successes. A small boat hitting a tanker. A drone slipping through defenses in the Gulf. A strike on a hotel or oil facility. Each incident creates insecurity and drives costs up while remind everyone that the regime is surviving and fighting. 5. The deeper problem is that U.S. objectives were set far too high. Once “regime change” becomes the implicit or explicit goal, the bar for American success becomes enormous. Iran’s bar is simple: survive and keep causing disruption. 6. The options for ending this war now are all bad. You can try to secure the entire Gulf and Middle East indefinitely – extremely expensive and maybe impossible. You can invade Iran and replace the regime, but nobody is seriously going to do that. Costs are astronomical. You can try to destabilize the regime by supporting separatist groups. It probably won’t work and if it does you’ll most likely spark a civil war producing years of bloody chaos the U.S. will get blamed for. None of these are good outcomes. 7. The other escalatory options being discussed are taking the nuclear material out of Esfahan or taking Kargh Island. Esfahan is not really workable. Huge risk. You’d have been on the ground for a LONG time to safely dig in and get the nuclear material out in the middle of the country giving Iran time to reinforce from all over and over run the American position. 8. Kharg Island can be appealing to Trump. He’d love to take Iran’s ability to export oil off the map and try to coerce them to end the war. It’s much easier because it’s not in the middle of IRan. But it’s still a potentially costly ground operation. And again. Again, the Iranian government only has to survive to win and they can probably do that even without Kargh. 9. The least bad option is the classic diplomatic off-ramp. The U.S. declares that Iran’s military capabilities have been significantly degraded, which is how the Pentagon always saw the purpose of the war. Iran declares victory for surviving and demonstrating it can still threaten regional actors. It would feel unsatisfying. But this is the inevitable outcome anyway. Better to stop now than after five or ten more years of escalating costs. Remember in Afghanistan we turned down a deal very early in the war with the Taliban that looked amazing 20 years later. Don’t need to repeat that kind of mistake. 10. The U.S. and Israel are not perfectly aligned here. Trump just needs a limited win and would see long-term instability as a negative whereas for Netanyahu a weak unstable Iran that bogs the U.S. down in the MIddle East is a fine outcome. If President Trump decided he wanted Israel to stop, he likely has the leverage to push it in that direction just as he pressured Netanyahu to take a deal last fall on Gaza. 11. When this is over, the Gulf states will have to rethink their entire security strategy. They are stuck in the absolute worst place. They didn’t start this war and didn’t want it and now they are taking with some of the worst consequences. Neither doubling down with the U.S. and Israel nor placating the Iranians seems overwhelmingly appealing. 12. One clear geopolitical winner so far: Russia. Oil prices are rising. Sanctions are coming off. Western attention and military resources are shifting away from Ukraine. From Moscow’s perspective, this war is a win win win. 13. At some point China may have a role to play here. It is the world’s largest oil importer, and much of that supply comes from the Middle East. Yes they are still getting oil from Iran. But they also buy from the rest of the Middle East, and a prolonged disruption in the Gulf hits Beijing hard. That gives China a real incentive to help push toward an end to the conflict.

The closure of the Strait of Hormuz hurts the global economy and helps Russia fund its war. It is affecting our partners in the region and is dangerous for global energy supplies. Today, EU Foreign Ministers will discuss how to better protect shipping in the region, including contributions from our Aspides naval mission. My press remarks ahead of today’s Foreign Affairs Council ↓