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Simplified Summary of Physics History for average readers in a Letter from a Physicist, starting with Euclid until the era of Quantum Physics, including on the u-d Quark Coulomb Origin of Nuclear Force.
Nuclear Force
The origin of nuclear force is assigned to Coulomb attractions between u and d quarks in neighbouring nucleons, replacing the current unspecified “residual” strong interaction assignment.
The deuteron binding energy is correctly estimated using quasi-classical models for nucleons based upon SSI, the scalar strong interaction hadron theory. The next lightest nuclei are analogously treated.
The Coulomb binding energies depend upon the small, in principle observable, internucleon distances between such u and d quarks whose positions in their respective host nucleons however depend upon intranucleon strong u - d potential that span over larger hidden distances.
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