UPSC Pulse

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𝗘𝟴𝟱 & 𝗕𝟭𝟬𝟬 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗳𝘁 𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝟴𝟱% 𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗼𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝟭𝟬𝟬% 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘃𝗲𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝗿𝘂𝗹𝗲𝘀.

UPI's 𝟭𝟬𝘁𝗵 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗿𝘆: On May 1, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) completed 10 years. It now accounts for nearly 49% of global real-time payment transactions, with its annual volume surging from 2 crore in its first year to over 24,000 crore in FY 2025-26.

𝗠𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗦𝗔𝗞𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗠: The RBI has launched Mission SAKSHAM (Sahkari Bank Kshamta Nirman), a nationwide capacity-building program. It is designed to strengthen Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs) by improving their operational efficiency and digital governance.

𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀: India has seen a major reduction in the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), dropping to 𝟴𝟴 𝗽𝗲𝗿 𝗹𝗮𝗸𝗵 live births (down from 254 in the mid-2000s). However, sex ratios at birth remain a challenge in states like Jharkhand (899) and Bihar (900)

𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟱-𝟮𝟲: The Ministry of Statistics (MoSPI) released a key report indicating a significant rise in the Rural Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), which jumped from 𝟯𝟳.𝟱% to 𝟰𝟱.𝟵% over the last three years.

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𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺 (𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟱) #upsc

History: Ancient Administrative Units Visayas: Districts in the Gupta Empire, headed by a Vishyapati. Bhukti: Provinces in the Gupta Empire, headed by an Uparika. Ur: The common village assembly in the Chola Kingdom. Nagaram: An assembly of merchants in the Chola period. #upsc

Science & Tech: Types of Orbits LEO (Low Earth Orbit): 160–2,000 km. Used for imaging and remote sensing. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit): ~20,200 km. Used for Navigation (GPS/NavIC). GEO (Geostationary Orbit): 35,786 km. Appears stationary; used for communication/weather.

𝗘𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁: The 𝗕𝗶𝗴 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 Rio Conventions All three emerged from the 1992 Earth Summit: 𝗖𝗕𝗗: Convention on Biological Diversity. 𝗨𝗡𝗙𝗖𝗖𝗖: Framework Convention on Climate Change. 𝗨𝗡𝗖𝗖𝗗: Convention to Combat Desertification

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: 𝗡𝘂𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 #UPSC

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁-𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗵 (𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗱𝗵𝗶𝘀𝗺) Mnemonic

𝗧𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 (𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝟱𝟭𝗔) #upsc

𝗦𝗼𝗶𝗹 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗻𝘀: O Horizon: Organic layer (leaf litter, humus). A Horizon (Topsoil): Rich in organic matter and minerals; where most root growth occurs. B Horizon (Subsoil): Accumulation of minerals leached from above. C Horizon: Weathered parent rock.

Salinity is the amount of salt (in grams) dissolved in 𝟭,𝟬𝟬𝟬 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺𝘀 of seawater. The average salinity is 𝟯𝟱 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘀 per thousand (𝟯𝟱‰). Highest Salinity: Found in landlocked seas in hot, dry regions (𝗲.𝗴., 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗦𝗲𝗮, 𝗟𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝗻).

During the South-West Monsoon, why does the eastern side of the Western Ghats (e.g., Pune) receive much less rainfall than the western side (e.g., Mumbai)?

@kunalrv Karst topography, limestone

Uvala, Polje, Stalactites and stalagmites are associated with which topography? #UPSC

@kunalrv Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha. This procedure is governed by Article 94(b) of the Constitution of India.

The speaker of Loksabha submits his/her resignation to which authority? #UPSC

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻: 𝗣𝗔𝗖 𝘃𝘀. 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗲

Atmosphere: Layers of Atmosphere ​The sequence of layers above the Earth's surface: ​𝗠𝗻𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰: "𝗧𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗲 𝗜𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺" ​Tr: Troposphere ​St: Stratosphere ​Me: Mesosphere ​In: Ionosphere (part of Thermosphere) ​Th: Thermosphere ​Ex: Exosphere