If you want to pass system design interviews (without getting lucky), learn these 15 heuristics:
1. Latency + Global → CDN
↳ Deliver data from edge servers to reduce latency
2. Read + Bottleneck → Cache
↳ Store frequent reads in cache to reduce database load
3. Write + Spike → Queue
↳ Buffer writes for asynchronous processing during traffic spikes
4. Distributed + Transaction → Saga
↳ Handle multi-service transactions with compensating steps
5. ACID + Relational → SQL
↳ Use a SQL database for strong consistency and transactional integrity
6. Flexible + Scale → NoSQL
↳ Use NoSQL for schema flexibility and horizontal scalability
7. SQL + Scale → Shard DB
↳ Federate and partition data across shards to scale effectively
8. Load + Growth → Scale Out
↳ Add servers to handle extra traffic
9. Traffic + Reliability → Load Balance
↳ Distribute requests evenly for performance
10. Core + Failure → Redundancy
↳ Replicate core services to avoid single points of failure
11. Durability + Faults → Replication
↳ Replicate data for availability and recovery
12. Requests + Spike → Throttle
↳ Limit excessive requests to prevent server overload
13. Load + Spike → Autoscale
↳ Add or remove server capacity automatically to handle changing load
14. Realtime + Updates → WebSockets
↳ Use WebSockets for live, bidirectional communication
15. Retry + Safety → Idempotent
↳ Make operations safe to retry without side effects using idempotency
(What else should make this list?)
Remember, these are just heuristics.
The right solution depends on the requirements.
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