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JUST IN: Justice Thomas asks the key question: how much did immigration feature in the 14th Amendment debates?
Sauer answered directly: The main goal was citizenship for freed slaves. The framers also took it as a given that children of tribal Indians were not covered by birthright citizenship.
Multiple mentions of temporary sojourners in the debates cut against automatic citizenship for those without full jurisdiction.
Even Wong Kim Ark involved lawfully domiciled Chinese immigrants with permanent residence, not illegal entrants. The opinion mentions domicile three times in stating the legal principle.
The original meaning was never universal citizenship by geography alone.
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