UpscPrelimsIntel (@UpscIntel) - Twitter Profile

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#UPSC Intel Advice 🚨 If you want to clear Prelims 2026, follow this: 1.Standard Sources → full-throttle ratta. 2.PYQs → solve • learn • repeat. 3.CSAT → treat it like CAT level. 4.Current Affairs → one source. 5.Mocks → 6000 quality questions. No revision = no retention

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Coin Names – Dynasty Wise ⸻ Ancient India Mahajanapadas (6th century BCE) •Karshapana / Pana – Silver punch-marked coins •First metallic currency in India ⸻ Mauryan Empire •Continued Punch-marked coins •State-controlled minting ⸻ Indo-Greeks •Drachma •Tetradrachma •Bilingual coins (Greek & Kharoshthi) •First portrait coins in India ⸻ Shakas (Western Kshatrapas) •Silver coins •Ruler’s bust on obverse ⸻ Kushanas •Gold Dinar •Also copper coins •Depictions of Greek, Iranian, Indian deities ⸻ Satavahanas •Lead coins (distinctive feature) •Potin coins •Ship motif (maritime trade) ⸻ Guptas •Gold Dinar (high purity) •Types: Archer, Tiger-slayer, Ashvamedha, Lyrist •Limited silver coins ⸻ Vakatakas •Mostly copper coins ⸻ Early Medieval India Harsha •Silver coins imitating Gupta style ⸻ Cholas •Gold Kalanju •Tiger emblem ⸻ Cheras •Bow and arrow symbol coins ⸻ Pandyas •Fish emblem coins ⸻ Delhi Sultanate Iltutmish •Silver Tanka •Copper Jital •Standardised Islamic coinage ⸻ Alauddin Khalji •Increased token copper currency circulation ⸻ Muhammad bin Tughlaq •Introduced Token Currency (brass/copper) ⸻ Mughal Period Babur & Humayun •Continued Timurid coin tradition Sher Shah Suri •Standardised Silver Rupiya •Copper Dam Akbar •Gold Mohur •Silver Rupiya •Copper Dam Jahangir •Zodiac coins ⸻ South Indian Kingdoms Vijayanagara •Gold Pagoda (Varaha) •Also called Hun ⸻ Hoysalas •Gold coins with royal symbols ⸻ Marathas •Shivrai copper coins ⸻ European Influence in India Portuguese •Xerafim •Cartaz system linked trade control British •Uniform Rupee system (1835 Coinage Act) ⸻ Associations •Punch-marked → Mahajanapada / Mauryan •Drachma → Indo-Greek •Dinar → Kushana / Gupta •Tanka & Jital → Iltutmish •Rupiya → Sher Shah Suri •Mohur → Mughals •Pagoda → Vijayanagara

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Officers of Different Dynasties Mauryan Administration Samaharta → Revenue collection Sannidhata → Treasury Amatya → Officials/Ministers Senapati → Army chief Dhamma Mahamatra → Dhamma propagation Antapala → Frontier officer Nagarika → City administration Yukta → Subordinate official ⸻ Gupta Administration Kumaramatya → High officials Sandhivigrahika → Foreign affairs Mahadandanayaka → Military/judicial Uparika → Provincial governor Vishayapati → District head Ayuktaka → Executive officer ⸻ Delhi Sultanate Wazir → Finance/PM Ariz-i-Mamalik → Military Diwan-i-Risalat → Religious affairs Diwan-i-Insha → Correspondence Barid-i-Mamalik → Intelligence Qazi → Judicial officer Muhtasib → Market control/morality Amil → Revenue collector ⸻ Mughal Administration Wazir / Diwan-i-Ala → Finance Mir Bakshi → Military/pay Sadr-us-Sudur → Religious endowments Qazi-ul-Quzat → Chief judge Kotwal → City police Faujdar → Military officer (district) Amil / Amalguzar → Revenue Bitikchi → Record keeper Qanungo → Revenue records Patwari → Village accountant ⸻ Chola Administration Perundanam → Higher officials Sirudanam → Lower officials Adhikari → Officer Variyam members → Committee officials Nattar → Nadu-level authority Sabha / Ur officials → Village administration ⸻ Vijayanagar Empire Mahapradhani → Chief minister Dandanayaka → Military Nayaka → Provincial/military governor Rayasam → Secretary Karanikam → Accountant Dalavayi → Commander-in-chief ⸻ Maratha Administration (Ashtapradhan) Peshwa → Prime minister Amatya / Mazumdar → Finance Sachiv → Secretary Mantri → Intelligence Senapati → Army chief Sumant / Dabir → Foreign affairs Nyayadhish → Judiciary Panditrao → Religious affairs ⸻ Satavahana Amatya → Minister Maharathi → Military/feudal lord Mahabhoja → Local chief ⸻ Rashtrakuta Rashtrapati → Provincial head Vishayapati → District head Bhogapati → Local officer ⸻ Bahmani Sultanate Wazir → PM Tarafdar → Provincial governor Kotwal → City administration

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🏛️ Mauryan Dynasty — Officers •Amatya → High civil servants •Mantriparishad → Council of ministers 🌾 Revenue & Administration •Samaharta → Chief revenue collector •Sannidhata → Treasurer, stores & granaries •Gopa → Village records (land, crops, population) •Sthanika → Officer over ~800 villages ⚖️ Justice & Law •Rajjukas → Judicial officers + land measurement, revenue assessment •Dharma Sthiya → Civil judges •Kantaka Sodhaka → Criminal judges 🏙️ Urban Administration •Nagarika → City governor ⚔️ Military •Senapati → Commander-in-chief 🕵️ Intelligence •Gudhapurusha → Spies 🌱 Economy & Public Works •Sitadhyaksha → Agriculture •Akaradhyaksha → Mines •Pautavadhyaksha → Weights & measures

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Narco Test (Narcoanalysis) ⸻ What is Narco Test? •A forensic investigation technique •Uses drugs like Sodium Pentothal (truth serum) •Puts subject in a sedated / hypnotic state •Aim: Extract information when conscious control is reduced ⸻ How it Works •Drug administered intravenously •Person enters semi-conscious state •Investigators ask questions → responses recorded ⸻ Legal Position in India Supreme Court Judgment •Selvi vs State of Karnataka (2010) Key Rulings •Involuntary narco test is unconstitutional ❗ •Violates: •Right against self-incrimination (Article 20(3)) •Right to personal liberty (Article 21) •Can be conducted only with consent ⸻ Evidentiary Value •Results are not admissible as evidence directly •Can be used for investigation leads only

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Indian-Launched Global Alliances / Initiatives ⸻ International Solar Alliance (ISA) •Launched by: India + France •Year: 2015 (COP21, Paris) •Focus: Solar energy promotion in tropical countries ⸻ Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) •Launched by: India •Year: 2019 •Focus: Disaster-resilient infrastructure ⸻ Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) •Launched by: India •Year: 2023 (G20 Summit, Delhi) •Focus: Biofuel adoption & cooperation ⸻ Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) •Launched by: India •Year: 2021 (COP26, Glasgow) •Focus: Sustainable lifestyle practices ⸻ International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) •Launched by: India •Year: 2023 •Focus: Conservation of big cats (tiger, lion, leopard, etc.) ⸻ Global Initiative on Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) •Launched by: India (G20 2023) •Focus: Digital infrastructure sharing (UPI, Aadhaar model) ⸻ Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA) •Launched by: India •Year: 2023 •Focus: River-centric urban development & river rejuvenation ⸻ Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3) •Launched by: India (G20 2023) •Focus: Circular economy in cities (waste, resource efficiency

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Largest Endorheic Lake - Caspian Sea •Also the largest inland water body globally ⸻ Location •Between: •Russia •Kazakhstan •Turkmenistan •Iran •Azerbaijan ⸻ Key Characteristics •Endorheic basin → No outlet to ocean •Water lost mainly through evaporation •Salinity varies: •North → fresh •South → saline ⸻ Rivers Draining Into It •Volga River (largest contributor) •Ural River •Kura River

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UPSC REPUBLIC@UpscRepublicX·2d

Largest Endorheic lake In the world

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Fifth and Sixth Schedule are important topics for Prelims ⬇️ FIFTH SCHEDULE (Administration of Scheduled Areas & STs) 🔹 APPLICABLE TO •Scheduled Areas in: •Odisha •Chhattisgarh •Jharkhand •Madhya Pradesh •Maharashtra •Telangana •Andhra Pradesh •Gujarat •Rajasthan •Himachal Pradesh (Not applicable to NE states except some parts) ⸻ 🔹 KEY FEATURES •Governor has special powers •Tribes Advisory Council (TAC): •Mandatory where Scheduled Areas exist •Governor can: •Make regulations for peace & good governance •Restrict land transfer to non-tribals •Regulate money-lending •President: •Declares Scheduled Areas ⸻ 🔹 IMPORTANT POINTS •PESA Act, 1996 applies here •No autonomous districts •State laws may not apply automatically ⸻ 🔵 SIXTH SCHEDULE (Administration of Tribal Areas in North-East India) 🔹 APPLICABLE TO •Assam •Meghalaya •Mizoram •Tripura ⸻ 🔹 KEY INSTITUTIONS •Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) •Autonomous Regional Councils (ARCs) ⸻ 🔹 POWERS OF ADCs •Legislative powers over: •Land •Forests (except reserved forests) •Shifting cultivation •Village administration •Judicial powers: •Village courts (customary law) •Financial powers: •Taxes, tolls, fees ⸻ 🔹 ROLE OF GOVERNOR •Can modify or annul ADC laws •Can dissolve councils ❌ PESA applies to Fifth, not Sixth Schedule ❌ Sixth Schedule has legislative & judicial powers ❌ Fifth Schedule areas are declared by President, not Governor ❌ ADCs exist only under Sixth Schedule ❌ Sixth Schedule ≠ all NE states (not Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal) #UPSC #upscpreparation #UPSCPrelims2026 #India #Northeast

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Himalaya states and UT Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh Nagaland Manipur Mizoram Tripura Meghalaya Assam West Bengal Western Ghats States Gujarat (small stretch near Dang) Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu Aravalli Range States Gujarat Rajasthan Haryana Delhi

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Q. Which book is written by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? A) Discovery of India B) Annihilation of Caste C) India Wins Freedom D) Hind Swaraj

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First Book written By Dr. Ambedkar

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Recommending / Selection Committees for constitutional and statutory bodies ⸻ Election Commission of India (ECI) •Prime Minister (Chairperson) •Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) •Union Cabinet Minister (nominated by PM) ⸻ National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) •Prime Minister (Chairperson) •Speaker of Lok Sabha •Home Minister •Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) •Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha) •Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha ⸻ Central Information Commission (CIC) •Prime Minister (Chairperson) •Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) •Union Cabinet Minister (nominated by PM) ⸻ Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) •Prime Minister (Chairperson) •Home Minister •Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) ⸻ Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI Director) •Prime Minister (Chairperson) •Chief Justice of India (or nominee) •Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) ⸻ Lokpal •Prime Minister •Speaker of Lok Sabha •Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) •Chief Justice of India (or nominee) •One eminent jurist (by President) ⸻ Pattern PM → common in all CJI → CBI + Lokpal Home Minister → NHRC, CVC Union Cabinet Minister → ECI, CIC

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Important Borders / Corridors / Passes Torkham Border •Afghanistan – Pakistan •Khyber Pass ⸻ Chaman Border •Afghanistan – Pakistan •Near Kandahar–Balochistan route ⸻ Wakhan Corridor •Afghanistan’s narrow strip •Borders: China, Pakistan, Tajikistan •Buffer between British India & Russia ⸻ Khunjerab Pass •Pakistan – China •Highest paved border crossing ⸻ Nathu La Pass •India – China (Sikkim) •Trade route ⸻ Jelep La Pass •India – China (Sikkim) ⸻ Shipki La Pass •India – China (Himachal Pradesh) ⸻ Lipulekh Pass •India – Nepal – China (tri-junction) •Kailash Mansarovar route ⸻ Rohtang Pass •Within India (Himachal Pradesh) •Connects Kullu–Lahaul ⸻ Zojila Pass •J&K – Ladakh •Connects Srinagar–Leh ⸻ Banihal Pass •J&K •Pir Panjal range ⸻ Karakoram Pass •India – China (Ladakh) ⸻ Pangsau Pass •India – Myanmar •Stilwell Road ⸻ Moreh–Tamu Border •India – Myanmar •Major trade point ⸻ Petrapole–Benapole •India – Bangladesh •Largest land port ⸻ Attari–Wagah •India – Pakistan •Punjab border ⸻ Recall Torkham → Afghanistan–Pakistan Wakhan → Afghanistan–China link Nathu La → India–China Lipulekh → Tri-junction Attari → India–Pakistan

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Soil Orders (USDA) (often asked in CDS, Geoscientist) Andisol •Origin: Volcanic ash (magma-derived) •Feature: Highly fertile ⸻ Histosol •Origin: Organic matter •Feature: High humus, waterlogged areas ⸻ Gelisol •Condition: Permafrost •Region: Arctic / tundra ⸻ Inceptisol •Type: Young soil •Feature: Weak horizon development ⸻ Entisol •Type: Very recent soil •Feature: Little to no profile development ⸻ Alfisol •Type: Moderately leached •Feature: Fertile ⸻ Ultisol •Type: Highly leached •Feature: Acidic, low fertility ⸻ Oxisol •Type: Extremely weathered •Feature: Found in tropical regions ⸻ Aridisol •Type: Desert soil •Feature: Low organic matter ⸻ Mollisol •Type: Grassland soil •Feature: Very fertile, rich in humus ⸻ Spodosol •Type: Acidic soil •Feature: Ash-grey horizon ⸻ Vertisol •Type: Clay-rich soil •Feature: Shrinks and cracks ⸻ Recall Andisol → Volcanic Histosol → Organic Gelisol → Permafrost Entisol → New Inceptisol → Young Mollisol → Grassland

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@DailyGkzone •Drain Theory → Dadabhai Naoroji •Book → Poverty and Un-British Rule in India •British MP → First Indian •INC President thrice → 1886, 1893, 1906 •Title → Grand Old Man of India

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1. The Economic History of India Author: Dadabhai Naoroji (1901) •Introduced the famous Drain of Wealth Theory •Explained how British rule led to economic impoverishment of India •One of the earliest systematic economic critiques of colonialism ⸻ 2. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India Author: Dadabhai Naoroji •Detailed empirical study of poverty in colonial India •Used official data on revenue, trade, salaries, and expenditure •Strengthened the economic basis of Indian nationalism ⸻ 3. Indian Economy Author: Radhakamal Mukerjee •Early interdisciplinary analysis combining economics and sociology •Emphasised relationship between economy, society, and environment •Highlighted structural issues in Indian economy ⸻ 4. The Industrial Development of India Author: R.C. Dutt •Discussed decline of indigenous industries under British rule •Examined impact of colonial trade policies on artisans and handicrafts •Focused on industrial stagnation and dependency ⸻ 5. Economic History of India under Early British Rule Author: R.C. Dutt •Comprehensive account of land revenue systems and taxation •Analysed economic consequences of early British administration •Complemented nationalist economic critiques of colonial rule ⸻ 6. The Discovery of India Author: Jawaharlal Nehru •Explored India’s historical and economic evolution •Reflected ideas on planning, industrialisation, and social justice •Linked economic development with national reconstruction ⸻ 7. Hind Swaraj Author: M.K. Gandhi •Critiqued modern industrial civilisation •Advocated self-sufficient village-based economy •Emphasised ethical and sustainable economic living ⸻ 8. Indian Economic Problems Author: M.G. Ranade •Discussed agricultural distress, industrial development, and finance •Reflected moderate reformist economic thinking •Early attempt to analyse India’s economic challenges

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UpscPrelimsIntel@UpscIntel

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) Identity •Pioneer of Indian social and religious reform •Known as the “Father of Indian Renaissance” ⸻ Key Contributions Social Reforms •Led the movement against Sati → instrumental in its abolition (Regulation XVII, 1829) under Lord William Bentinck •Opposed polygamy, child marriage; supported widow remarriage •Advocated women’s rights and inheritance reforms Religious Reforms •Founded Brahmo Sabha (1828) → later Brahmo Samaj •Promoted monotheism, rational worship •Criticised idol worship and ritualism •Drew from Upanishads, advocated ethical universalism Educational Ideas •Supported modern, scientific education •Advocated teaching of English, science, mathematics •Opposed exclusive focus on traditional Sanskrit education Political & Administrative Thought •Supported freedom of press •Criticised oppressive revenue and judicial practices •Favoured constitutional governance and rule of law ⸻ Publications & Journals •Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali) •Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian) •Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Persian work on monotheism) •Translations of Upanishads into Bengali and English ⸻ Associations •Close interaction with British liberals •Sent as envoy of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II to England (1831) ⸻ Death •Died in 1833 at Bristol, England •Buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery Organisations Formed / Associated •Atmiya Sabha (1815) Early reformist group in Calcutta; discussion on monotheism and social reform. •Brahmo Sabha (1828) Promoted monotheism, rational religion; later evolved into Brahmo Samaj. •Brahmo Samaj (formalised later) Major socio-religious reform movement advocating ethical theism and social reform. ⸻ Literary Contributions Books / Treatises •Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (1804, Persian) Advocacy of monotheism and rational religion. •Precepts of Jesus (1820) Ethical teachings of Christianity without theological dogma. •A Defence of Hindu Theism Justification of monotheism based on Hindu scriptures. Translations & Religious Texts •Upanishads (Isa, Kena, Katha, Mandukya) – translated into Bengali & English. •Vedanta texts – to promote rational interpretation of Hindu philosophy. Journals / Newspapers •Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali) Social reform, anti-Sati campaign. •Mirat-ul-Akhbar (Persian) Political and administrative critique; closed due to press restrictions.

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𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝘄𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗲“𝗧𝘂𝗵𝗳𝗮𝘁-𝘂𝗹-𝗠𝘂𝘄𝗮𝗵𝗵𝗶𝗱𝗶𝗻” (𝗔 𝗚𝗶𝗳𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝘀)? A. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan B. Raja Rammohan Roy C. Devendranath Tagore D. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed E. None of the above

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UpscPrelimsIntel@UpscIntel·7 Oca

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) Identity •Pioneer of Indian social and religious reform •Known as the “Father of Indian Renaissance” ⸻ Key Contributions Social Reforms •Led the movement against Sati → instrumental in its abolition (Regulation XVII, 1829) under Lord William Bentinck •Opposed polygamy, child marriage; supported widow remarriage •Advocated women’s rights and inheritance reforms Religious Reforms •Founded Brahmo Sabha (1828) → later Brahmo Samaj •Promoted monotheism, rational worship •Criticised idol worship and ritualism •Drew from Upanishads, advocated ethical universalism Educational Ideas •Supported modern, scientific education •Advocated teaching of English, science, mathematics •Opposed exclusive focus on traditional Sanskrit education Political & Administrative Thought •Supported freedom of press •Criticised oppressive revenue and judicial practices •Favoured constitutional governance and rule of law ⸻ Publications & Journals •Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali) •Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian) •Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Persian work on monotheism) •Translations of Upanishads into Bengali and English ⸻ Associations •Close interaction with British liberals •Sent as envoy of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II to England (1831) ⸻ Death •Died in 1833 at Bristol, England •Buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery Organisations Formed / Associated •Atmiya Sabha (1815) Early reformist group in Calcutta; discussion on monotheism and social reform. •Brahmo Sabha (1828) Promoted monotheism, rational religion; later evolved into Brahmo Samaj. •Brahmo Samaj (formalised later) Major socio-religious reform movement advocating ethical theism and social reform. ⸻ Literary Contributions Books / Treatises •Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (1804, Persian) Advocacy of monotheism and rational religion. •Precepts of Jesus (1820) Ethical teachings of Christianity without theological dogma. •A Defence of Hindu Theism Justification of monotheism based on Hindu scriptures. Translations & Religious Texts •Upanishads (Isa, Kena, Katha, Mandukya) – translated into Bengali & English. •Vedanta texts – to promote rational interpretation of Hindu philosophy. Journals / Newspapers •Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali) Social reform, anti-Sati campaign. •Mirat-ul-Akhbar (Persian) Political and administrative critique; closed due to press restrictions.

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Q Which one among the following statements regarding igneous rock is correct? (CDS 2026) (a) When magma cools deep in the Earth's interior, it results in the formation of fine-grained igneous rocks. (b) Basalt is a type of intrusive igneous rock. (c) Most of the minerals of igneous rocks are silicates. (d) Extrusive igneous rocks often undergo lithification

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Tangible Vs Intangible assets 👇

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