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Large foundation models have made enormous progress in modeling language, images, and video. These systems can generate highly realistic outputs and capture complex statistical structure in data. However, they still operate on projections of the world, text sequences and 2D pixel grids, rather than the world itself.
The real world is not a sequence of text tokens or frames; the real world is inherently anchored in 3D metric space, and dynamics across time. Objects occupy space and persist over time. They interact according to physical laws. Any model that aims to support real-world intelligence, e.g., for robotics, simulation, design, or spatial computing, must capture this structure.
This is where current approaches fall short. While most video models can generate visually plausible frames, they often lack a consistent notion of the underlying scene due to limited context windows. As a result, geometry drifts, scale is ambiguous, objects appear and disappear, and interactions are not physically grounded. The model produces superficial appearance without a persistent world representation.
For many downstream applications, this is not enough.
The first step toward addressing this is modeling 3D space and keeping it consistent. A model should recover a coherent spatial representation of the scene, including layout, geometry, and scale. This not only allows the environment to be rendered from new viewpoints but also, more critically, reasoned about in metric space. If a model cannot produce a stable 3D representation, it is not grounded in the physical world, and it will fail to model the world due to its inefficient contextual memory.
However, 3D is only the beginning.
A truly useful world model must also be temporally and physically consistent. It should not only reconstruct a scene, but also simulate it, predicting how it evolves, how objects interact, and what happens under intervention. Eventually this requires moving beyond static representations toward models that capture dynamics and causality.
I believe that generative approaches are highly compelling in this context, as they can be trained on large-scale data in a self-supervised fashion. In particular, comprehensive 3D world modeling is a highly-promising path forward, since richer environmental representations directly enable deeper and more effective learning of physical reality. Crucially, such generation enforces consistency: for instance, to generate a scene across viewpoints, a model must implicitly recover its underlying 3D structure. To generate it over time, it must capture its dynamics. This forces the model to internalize the latent state of the world, including geometry, scale, materials, motion, and physical behavior.
This also highlights a limitation of purely abstract representations. High-level embeddings or action-centric models can be effective for specific tasks, but without the ability to model and simulate the world, they will eventually remain incomplete. They compress observations, but do not fully model the underlying process that generates them.
The next generation of AI systems should therefore move beyond text and pixels, and toward physically-grounded world models: models that represent space, maintain consistency over time, and enable simulation and interaction.
This is the missing layer between the physical and digital world, which will ultimately enable AI systems not just to observe the world, but to understand and operate within it.
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