Lugal Arch

Facial reconstruction of Kostenki14, a 35,000-year-old man from Voronezh The man from the Upper Paleolithic site of Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora) represents one of the oldest known Homo sapiens burials in Europe. His skeleton is exceptionally well preserved, comparable only to the famous Sungir burials. He was buried in a shallow oval grave without grave goods, though nearby layers contained early Upper Paleolithic stone tools. Anthropological analysis showed that he was unusually short for his era - about 160 cm tall. His cranial capacity was likewise very small, at around 1200 cm³. The description of the skull is published by G. F. Debets in the article “Paleoanthropological finds in Kostenki,” where he notes features of an equatorial type, both in the structure of the skull and in the bones of the skeleton of the individual from Markina Gora. One cannot fail to note the great similarity of the skeletons from the Grimaldi grotto with the skeleton from Markina Gora; it is appropriate to recall the very similar form of burial practice in these archaeologically distant sites. Researchers identified numerous health abnormalities. His long bones had extremely reduced marrow cavities, and he likely suffered from calcium deficiency, sensory disorders, vision problems, chronic pain, cramps, and numbness. He also had serious spinal damage caused by blunt-force trauma, possibly from an animal attack or a fall. Additional injuries to the head and jaw may have come from the same event. Despite these conditions, his skeleton shows clear signs of intense hunting activity. He was likely a skilled spear or dart thrower, right-handed (characteristic of the Stone Age, when left-handed individuals were practically not encountered), and physically active like other Stone Age hunters. Tooth wear and isotope analysis indicate a diet of tough foods typical of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. Further study suggested chronic inflammation affecting the brain, especially the right hemisphere. Researchers proposed that he may have experienced cognitive or behavioral impairments, such as speech difficulties, problems understanding others, and social isolation. Examination of the pelvis revealed that he most likely died from a deep abdominal wound that caused massive blood loss shortly before death. His burial posture was highly unusual: the legs were tightly drawn to the abdomen and the arms pressed against the chest, suggesting the body had been tightly wrapped or restrained. Ochre was heavily concentrated around the head. Researchers believe the burial reflects either a unique ritual practice or his unusual social status. Some have suggested that his severe condition and behavior in his final days may even have led to his death at the hands of his own group. (Mednikova M. B., Moiseev V. G., Khartanovich V. I., 2014), (Khartanovich V. I., Moiseev V. G., Mednikova M. B. et al., 2016), (Trinkaus E., Buzhilova A. P., Mednikova M. B., and Dobrovolskaya M. V., 2014), (Caffey M. D., 1967), (Tilley L., 2015), (Trinkaus E., Buzhilova A. P., 2018), (M.M. Gerasimov, 1955), (Наука из первых рук, 2019, Vol. 82, No. 2)

New solo paper from David Reich might provide some clarity to the Muddle in the Middle. Maybe Humans and Neanderthals are both hybrids of an old expansion of the "MSA population" and local European / African humans:

🗒️Outsources: Mbuti.DG,Russia_UstIshim_IUP.DG,Russia_Kostenki14_UP.SG,Italy_Epigravettian.AG.BY.AA,Iberomaurusian.AG,Russia_YuzhniyOleniyOstrov_Mesolithic.AG,Georgia_Kotias_Mesolithic.SG,Armenia_Aknashen_N.AG,Iran_SehGabi_C.AG,Russia_Remontnoye_Eneolithic.AG

🧬Genetic analysis of Maikop sample from Tsarskaya dolmen,Adygea 🏺Second and third pictures depict the dolmen itself

The argument that Rome fell because of immigration-driven population replacement doesn't really hold up when you look at the genetic and historical evidence. 90+% of the "immigrants" into Roman era Italy were ancient Greeks, coming from the most developed regions in the world with the most educated populations. They don't really count as immigrants since they were simply moving from one Roman province to another, and in most cases they were moving into areas of Italy that Greeks had already colonized and settled centuries earlier. The difference in the Imperial period is that they were now also moving into central and north Italy. So the basic premise of a totally foreign population flooding in is already wrong. What actually happened was the opposite of the decline story. They arrived centuries before the western collapse and a millennium and a half before the eastern one, and the populations they contributed to went on to produce some of the highest measured cognitive profiles in pre-modern Europe. Once you line up the genetics, the timeline, and the outcomes, this fairy tale falls apart. 90+% of the "immigrants" into Roman era Italy were ancient Greeks, coming from the most developed regions in the world with the most educated populations. They don't really count as immigrants since they were simply moving from one Roman province to another, and in most cases they were moving into areas of Italy that Greeks had already colonized and settled centuries earlier. The difference in the Imperial period is that they were now also moving into central and north Italy. You can see their genetic contribution clearly in modern Italians, which hasn't changed much since antiquity apart from minor Germanic admixture in the north. Southern Italians (Calabria, Campania, Sicily) carry 63–67% Roman-era Ancient Greek-like ancestry. Central Italians (Lazio, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche) carry 49–56%. Even northern Italians (Lombardy, Veneto, Liguria) carry 29–33%. The same Roman-era Ancient Greek-like signal shows up at around 20% in Iberia. This is not a foreign population replacing natives because it's a continuation and expansion of a Mediterranean genetic cline that already existed. The samples from Imperial Italy, around 1–200 AD (after the big migration into Italy had already happened), were mostly Greek mixed, and scored higher on PGS EDU/IQ than other Europeans, higher even than medieval Europeans who lived 1,000 years later. So the so-called "immigrants" were still smarter than the surrounding European populations. The timeline alone destroys the argument of collapse due to population replacement. The main Roman-era migration into Italy happened around 150–50 BC. The western empire fell in 476 AD, roughly 500 to 600 years later. The eastern empire fell in 1453 AD, roughly 1,500 years later. What kind of "population replacement causes civilizational collapse" mechanism takes 600 to 1,500 years to produce its effect? At that point they're not actually describing a causal process, because when your supposed cause and effect are separated by 600 to 1,500 years with an entire functioning empire in between, they're just pointing at two distant events and asserting a connection without explaining how one led to the other. If you want to argue demographics mattered for 476 specifically, the only even remotely plausible candidate is Germanic migration, and specifically the fact that Germanic immigrants became overrepresented in military commands in the 4th and 5th centuries due to corrupt political decisions by emperors and regents. And those Germanics most likely had lower intelligence than the Italians they were displacing in military roles, since medieval samples from Germany and medieval Viking samples score lower on PGS IQ/EDU than Imperial Italian samples. But even this wasn't population replacement. It was a minority being overrepresented in military positions, not a demographic shift in Italy itself. The eastern half of the empire, populated by exactly the same Greek stock that had settled central Italy centuries earlier, continued for another 1,000 years and remained the most developed civilization for centuries after the West fell. The genetics were basically the same, yet the outcome was the opposite, which is something the hypothesis cannot explain. The actual genetic evidence, as far as it goes, points in the opposite direction. Pre-modern civilizations appear to show selection for higher intelligence and lower rates of mental disorders, not against.

Typical Tabasaran tombstones from the Chikhtil region, dating from the 9th to 13th centuries. The largest monument measures 282 cm in height. They have an anthropomorphic shape with prominent pointed shoulders.

@ArmenianWaffen @GrafofCordon001 Armenians do not fully descend from the Kura-Araxes culture. If we consider ‘Caucasians’ as a genetic cluster, Armenians on PCA are positioned between the South Caucasus and Upper Mesopotamia.

@Arch_Vagr @GrafofCordon001 so does this mean Armenians are Caucasians or not? some people claim Armenians are not Caucasians

🧬 Kura–Araxes can be modelled as deriving most of its ancestry from the Shulaveri–Shomu Neolithic tradition, with additional input from a CHG-rich source not yet directly sampled. A smaller but significant component is linked to CLV-related populations. #genetics

Facial reconstruction of a 7,000-year-old man from Eridu, Iraq He lived during the Ubaid period, a culture that flourished in Mesopotamia before the rise of the Sumerian cities. The Ubaid people are known for establishing some of the earliest settled communities in southern Iraq, laying the foundations for later urban civilization. The Ubaid culture emerged in southern Mesopotamia through a combination of local development and external influences, such as from Susiana, with additional contributions from northern traditions such as the Samarra culture (particularly irrigation), as well as contact with groups associated with the Arabian bifacial tradition. A Babylonian creation text says of Eridu: "All the lands were sea, then Eridu was made." The history of Eridu goes back to the Ubaid period. Its inhabitants lived largely by fishing. Their harbour was located in a marshy, semi-aquatic environment. During the Uruk period (which follows the Ubaid and represents a key stage in the development of early Mesopotamian urban civilization, preceding the fully historical Sumerian city-state period), there is still ample evidence of Eridu’s importance. However, from the beginning of the historical period, it no longer appears to have been a populous settlement. From the Third Dynasty of Ur onward, Eridu was not so much a city as a complex of religious buildings, raised high above the surrounding plain on an artificial platform. The Sumerians and Babylonians worshipped Ea (Enki) here, the god of wisdom and patron of craftsmen and artisans. He was regarded as the father of Marduk and a principal deity associated with the primordial waters. His name was also reflected in that of the city Dur-Ea and in personal names such as Ea-gamil. The earliest written source mentioning Eridu dates to the time of Ur-Nanshe, founder of the Lagash dynasty (c. 2500 BC). By the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Eridu had already undergone desiccation and was largely uninhabited. Ur-Nammu, the founder of the dynasty, cut a new channel to the Euphrates to bring water back to the area in an effort to repopulate it, and he also rebuilt Enki’s temple. At the end of the 2nd millennium BC, Nebuchadnezzar I referred to himself as “Governor of Eridu.” By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, Eridu functioned more as a sacred site than as a major inhabited city. The Assyrian king Sargon II regarded the occupation of Eridu in 710 BC as a significant achievement. The man, who was about 40 years old, was described as belonging to the South Iraqi type, which still inhabits the region today. His skull was artificially deformed during his lifetime using circular bandages. He had a medium-large cranial length of 184 mm, a small cranial width of 123 mm, a medium-large cheekbone width of 134 mm, and a large condylar width (upper jaw width) of 132 mm. (Istvan Kiszely, 1978)

@SR1_aryan Design was made with the help of Claude

@Arch_Vagr Can I know the application name

Dr. @ChrisStringer65 once said that Harbin looked like Jebel Irhoud on steroids. Likely to emphasize the many similarities between them. Yunxian being quite older also shares many characteristics with the Sapiens/Chinese Middle Pleistocene Archaics.

Forgot to mention that I united Morocco_Epipaleolithic sample with Morocco_Iberomaurusian, because it gave much better output

@kvali_app Thanks for the information,didn’t know that. Do we have their samples so far?

@Arch_Vagr The high CHG input in KAC comes from Bavra-Ablari and Nagutni Hunter-Gatherers who were closely related and had obsidian networks with the Imeretian group of Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers

🧬qpAdm model of Magdalenian samples Overall, Magdalenian samples can be modelled as deriving majority of their ancestry from Gravettian-like source with minor admixture from source similar to Villabruna-cluster