Flynn Calcutt

ARC AGI 3 is finally out! I put a little bit of my soul into some of these games. I hope the humans enjoy playing the public games, and the models enjoy playing the private ones.

There's a great opportunity for mogging here: Which lab submits a zero-day report to the other first?

I will be in SF between the 20th and the 28th for the release of ARC AGI 3 (which I helped develop) on the 25th.

《ZK-Hunt：全链游戏实现隐藏信息的新尝试》 两周前 @0xPARC 的 @FlynnCalcutt 发表了一篇巨长的技术文章“ZK Hunt: an exploration into the unknown”，介绍了如何使用承诺和ZKP来实现全链游戏的信息隐藏。 我花了一周时间翻译了这篇文章，希望对制作非对称信息的全链游戏开发者有所帮助。 这篇文章介绍了一个名为ZK Hunt的链上多人对战游戏。该游戏由MUD框架支持,使用circom进行零知识证明的生成和验证。游戏开发过程中探索了不同的零知识证明游戏机制,以及信息不对称带来的游戏体验。 游戏中每个玩家控制一个单位,单位可以在草地和丛林之间移动。在草地上移动时,玩家的位置对所有人可见。进入丛林后,玩家的位置就变成私密的,其他玩家无法知道确切位置,只能看到一个可能位置的范围。这实现了公共状态和私密状态之间的转换。进入丛林时,玩家提交当前位置的承诺(commitment),以及一个证明承诺的正确性。在丛林中移动时,玩家提交新的位置承诺,以及一个零知识证明,证明新的承诺基于合法的位置移动计算所得。每次成功的移动会更新位置承诺。 文章详细介绍了位置承诺的计算过程,以及如何利用承诺实现公共状态到私密状态的转换。位置承诺包含坐标和一个随机数,可以防止暴力破解找到确切位置。另外,文章还讨论了如何高效地将地图信息输入到circuits中,从而进行位置有效性检查。 游戏中实现了多种互动方式,以发现其他玩家的私密位置或状态: 标枪可以公开发现其他玩家。被击中后玩家位置公开。 搜索可以私下发现其他玩家。被发现的玩家向搜索者透露位置,而其他玩家不知情。 丛林中的搜索实现了完全隐蔽的互动。搜索者和被搜索者的位置都不会公开,外界玩家甚至不知道是否有互动发生。这需要额外的加密和证明逻辑,比如承诺的零知识校验,可验证加密,以及防止双花的nullifier。 游戏还引入了抵押金机制。玩家需要缴纳抵押金才能进入游戏。如果玩家违反游戏规则,比如不响应位置检查,其他玩家可以撤销其抵押金,迫使其遵守游戏规则。这种挑战-响应-撤销机制可以确保玩家遵守各种交互要求。 文章进一步讨论了这些互动方式的广义形式,包括公开和私密的状态读取,公开和私密的状态修改,以及包含私密参数的私密交互。零知识证明、承诺、可验证加密和nullifier的组合为玩家的私有状态交互提供了支持。智能合约逻辑、链上证明验证和抵押金又确保了这些交互按规则进行。 这些机制可以扩展到NPC,实现含有私密状态的NPC,由玩家操控,但行为确定性。这需要玩家缴纳抵押金,避免违规。另一大用途是世界的私密发现,一个角色可私下保存整个游戏世界的状态,回应玩家的世界查询。但这种单一化存档存在问题,容易受到勾结和失败的影响。使用门限签名等多方计算技术可以提高鲁棒性。 上面只是原文简单概述，中文全文（配视频和图片）请参考我的blog文章： captainz.xlog.app/ZK-Hunt-quan-l…

More to come x.com/FlynnCalcutt/s…

It took longer than expected, and some things got in the way, but the extended technical write-up for ZK Hunt is finally here. Hopefully this can serve as a resource for people interested in exploring ZK game mechanics in onchain games.

AMASS DATA

@shumochu With the way things are going, it may end up being the only non-controversial statement left, if we're still around to make statements at all.

@FlynnCalcutt That's a controversial statement 1 mo. ago.

I like Bing

Cryptography feels like the closest thing we have to magic. Combine numbers in the right way and you can perform miracles.

I was blind, but now I MPC

⛓️ 👁️ 📣

3. Cryptocurrency is actually the foundational use case, because once you have a notion of digital value, you can start programming with incentives.

My understanding has progressed through the following stages: 1. Blockchains are for cryptocurrency. 2. Blockchains are for consensus on arbitrary global state and the coordination of state transitions over time. Cryptocurrency is just a single use case of many. ...

@BlakeMScurr For games where you drop some loot when you die, you would still want to deposit some form of non-rep value for other players to pick up, but this could also be in-game wealth/items. Although if the game is onchain, the distinction between this and out-of-game value may not exist

@BlakeMScurr Yeah this makes sense. In the system I described for ZK Hunt you actually get your deposit back each time you leave a match (dropping a small amount as loot if you die), but as you earn rep, an increasing portion of the deposit could be made up of that, until it's only rep.

Last week was the final demo night for the 0xPARC Autonomous Worlds Residency. During the residency I worked on a project called ZK Hunt, an onchain game which explores different ZK game mechanics and information asymmetry.

@BlakeMScurr When thinking about slashing within the context of a game, it naturally follows that the deposit requirement would scale with your skill level/MMR/in-game wealth, such that new players would have a low barrier to entry, while experienced players would still fear being slashed.

@BlakeMScurr If all you do is ban the address, then the player could just spin up a new address; the deposit provides sybil resistance. You could slash some form of onchain reputation/MMR, but a small deposit could be useful to help to bootstrap that.

You can find the codebase for ZK Hunt here, it’s still a WIP. In the README you can find a writeup of ZK Hunt, which goes through the mechanics and the techniques used to achieve them. I intend to post a more comprehensive writeup in the near future. github.com/FlynnSC/zk-hunt

Earlier on in the residency I gave a talk about some of the mental models relating to private state that I had developed while working on ZK Hunt, you can find that here. youtu.be/ZHTsD5m3ueA