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In my upcoming book The Great Math War (@BasicBooks, 2025), I describe some of the modern neuroscience evidence that suggests mathematics is what I call a "human primitive," something that evolved far back in time -- and not just in human populations!
Monkeys, crows, dolphins, clown fish, and many other species have an innate quantitative ability to directly manipulate numbers, discern geometric shapes, and appreciate the discrete charm of other privileged mathematical objects. And why not?! Those things are the stuff of external reality. Is it any wonder the ability to do math emerged in animals? No! Evolutionarily it makes sense. "Counting winter dinners one a hill," as Robert Frost says.
Some non-human animals reason superbly, in fact. Researchers at the University of Tübingen in Germany showed a couple years ago that crows can associate signs and symbols with numbers and interpret them complexly. They trained crows to peck out recursive sequences—performing quite well, “On par with children and even outperforming macaques,” the researchers wrote. Clever birds!
See: 2022, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv…
Abstract mental recursion, the ability to have one mental representation embedded within another mental representation, has also long been considered a key feature of specifically human intelligence. For years, many went so far as to make the caw-caw claim that mathematical ability even defines what it means to be human. (Crows have something to say about that!)
I was excited to see a new paper this week adding another animal study to the evolutionary question. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University trained four baboons to do separate numerical and geometric tasks, and they showed that, much like in people, mutual cognitive bridges exists between spatial and numerical learning. When monkeys do well on one, they do well on the other.
"Such representations could form the evolutionary foundation for the well-documented “cognitive bridge” between numerical and spatial reasoning in human development," they write.
SEE: pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.107…
My book is available for pre-order at: hachettebookgroup.com/titles/jason-s…

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