Mary Mulvihill Association

We are delighted to announce that the theme for this year's Mary Mulvihill award will be 'Life'.🌎 The award is open to undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in an Irish higher education institute at the time of submission. See below for details⬇️ 🧵1/2

That bring the story of 'Life' series to an end. Good luck to everyone who entered this year's #MaryMulvihillAward. 🤞🤞🤞

Perhaps current and past generations have not taken the action which we should have. The question now is, will the children of today and perhaps their children have the courage, political leadership and foresight to change the direction we seem to be going? Lets hope so.🙏🧵30/31

Despite the advances made in renewable technology, it may be too late for much of the life on this planet. A recent paper published in Nature analysed over 2000 different studies and found human action to be driving biodiversity loss among all species across the planet. 🧵22/31

But since the onset of the industrial revolution, we have seen a 50% increase the levels of CO2 now present in the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas account for 75% of global greenhouse emissions and 90% of carbon dioxide emissions. 🧵21/31

Plagues and other infectious diseases have no doubtfully threatened humans for as long as we have lived with animals, but the first documented epidemic is believed to have occurred in Athens in the year 430BC, killing up to 75, 000 people or 25% of the population. 🧵13/31

Climate simulations suggest that the extinction of the megafauna may have led to a slight increase in global warming, but the growth of agriculture which would later follow could have led to a slight global cooling. Thus the net change being small. 🧵20/31

In the millenia before the industrial revolution, mankind was having an impact on the global environment. The use of fire, spread of agriculture and the extinction of the megafauna are clear examples. 🧵19/31

But all these advances have come at a cost. Up to the beginning of the 1800s, carbon emissions had remained relatively stable. However, since the arrival of the industrial revolution this has changed. 🧵18/31

In the two centuries since we passed the 1 billion people mark, we have seen human population reach 8 billion. Current projections suggest that we will reach 10 billion by the end of the century, before leveling out. 🧵17/31

By AD1, human population is thought to have reached as high 170 million. Excluding a couple of short exceptions, this figure would continue to steadily grow over the next 1700 years reaching 1 billion by the start of the 19th century. 🧵16/31

For most of human history the overall population is believed to have remained low. Possibly even as low as 1 million people, but with the advent of farming, rapid growth began to occur. 🧵15/31

From the Plague of Justinian (541-549 AD, ~ 50 million deaths), to the Black Death (1334-1353 AD,~ 200 million deaths) up to the 100 million people who lost their lives to the Spanish Flu (1918). As we developed, so too did microorganisms. 🧵14/31

Humans had always lived with the threat of disease from microbes, but they now became much more exposed to disease previously only found in animals. Zoonotic diseases, those that jump from animals to humans are now the most common cause of infectious diseases in humans.🧵12/31

Recent research has indicated that an archaic population of a human ancestor contributed between 2 and 19% of the genetic ancestry found in people now living in Western Africa. 🧵5/31

As humans shifted away from hunting and gathering, and became more dependent on agriculture as well as the domestication of animals, it changed the course of infectious diseases. 🧵11/31