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This will be a several part series.
Part 1: From Slavery to Reconstruction (1854–1877): The Birth of the Divide
1854: The Republican Party is founded in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, authored by Sen. Stephen Douglas (D-IL).
That act allowed slavery to expand westward, repealing the Missouri Compromise.
Former anti-slavery Whigs and Free Soil Democrats broke off to form the GOP.
1860: Abraham Lincoln (R) elected President. Southern Democrats secede.
1861-1865: Lincoln leads Union in Civil War. Emancipation Proclomation signed in 1863.
1865: 13th Amendment ends slavery.
- Proposed by Sen. Lyman Trumbull (R-IL)
- Passed by Republican-led Congress
- Opposed by most Democrats
1866: Civil Rights Act of 1866 grants citizenship to former slaves.
- Vetoed by President Andrew Jackson (D)
- Veto overridden by GOP Congress
1868: 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law.
- Drafted by the Republican Joint Committee on Reconstruction
- Opposed by nearly all Democrats
1870: 15th Amendment secures voting rights regardless of race.
- Passed by Republican support
- Only 8 Senate Democrats voted yes
Reconstruction Era: 1865-1877
- Republicans establish public schools and Black suffrage in the South
- Southern Democrats form terorist groups like the KKK to suppress Black voters
- GOP passes Enforcement Acts (1870-71) to dismantle KKK operations
- Civil Rights Act of 1875, sponsored by Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA), bans discrimination in public spaces
1877: Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction.
- Republicans agree to withdraw troops from the South
- Democrats regain control, begin enacting Jim Crow laws
Economic Notes (1854-1877):
- The Republican North supports high tariffs, infrastructure, and industrial growth.
- The Democratic South remains agrarian and dependent on slavery.
- By 1860, Northern GDP per capita was 2x higher than in the South.
- Post-war, Southern economy collapses; Northern industries boom.
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