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every endowment with real diversification has one unwritten rule: never let two positions fail for the same reason
not because more holdings means less risk
because most diversification is just one bet wearing different tickers
in 1952 a 25-year-old named harry markowitz wrote a phd thesis at the university of chicago
it argued that what matters isn't how many assets you hold
it's how they move relative to each other
milton friedman sat on his defense committee
he argued the whole thesis wasn't even economics
markowitz passed anyway
the math said combining low-correlation assets cuts risk without cutting expected return
for years almost nobody outside academia used it
in 1985 a 31-year-old economist named david swensen took over yale's endowment
it was worth about $1 billion at the time
he'd studied under james tobin, one of the few people building on markowitz's math
swensen moved the fund out of the standard stock-and-bond mix
into private equity, venture capital, timber, real assets
things that don't fail for the same reason stocks do
harvard, princeton, stanford copied the approach within a decade
it got a name: the yale model
by 2021 the fund had gone from $1 billion to over $30 billion
averaging close to 13% a year for two decades straight
this is what nobody explains when they sell you diversification:
owning more tickers isn't diversification if they all break for the same reason
ten stocks in ten sectors can still be one trade
if they're all leveraged to the same rate, the same consumer, the same cycle
real diversification is measured in correlation, not in the number of names on the statement
retail diversification usually means more stocks
institutional diversification means fewer shared failure points
the portfolios that survive a real crash weren't the ones holding the most positions
they were the ones holding positions that had no reason to move together in the first place
bookmark this
diversification was never about how many things you own
it's about how many ways you can be wrong at once
bl888m@bl888m_eth
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