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blockchains don’t share state.
they can emit events.
other chains can’t natively verify those events.
that single constraint explains why @wormhole works the way it does and why a VAA exists at all.
in Wormhole, a Verified Action Approval (VAA) is a cryptographic receipt that proves "this exact on-chain event existed, according to a supermajority of independent observers"
nothing about what should happen next.
a normal receipt works only in the shop you bought from and a vaa works anywhere.
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here’s the part people skip.
/ the receipt is not the event.
/ it’s a signed fingerprint of the event.
19 guardians independently reconstruct the same message body from chain state.
they don’t trust each other.
they don’t coordinate.
each one signs the same keccak-derived digest.
those signatures + the message body = the VAA.
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what makes this receipt special?
> it has no destination
> it has no execution semantics
> it doesn’t care who delivers it
any chain can verify the signatures.
no chain is forced to act.
that’s why vaas are multicast by default.
they’re not addressed letters.
they’re public receipts.
when a contract verifies a vaa, it’s not asking:
“should i do this?”
it’s asking: “did this event actually exist, at the chosen finality level?”
execution becomes an app-level decision, not a protocol guarantee.
this separation, proof first, meaning later is why wormhole scales across chains without sharing state.
and its also why weird things happen when chains rewrite history.
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