SpadeAcademic

@MillieMarconnni He did not solve the twin prime conjecture. That is still unsolved. What he showed was that there is a finite (>2) bound to primes' infinitude. That upper bound has been tightened over the years but 2 has not yet been attained.

A Chinese mathematician spent 7 years making sandwiches at Subway after his PhD, and at 58 solved a 150-year-old math problem nobody thought was solvable. His name is Yitang Zhang. The problem is called the Twin Prime Conjecture. He was born in Shanghai in 1955 and knew he wanted to spend his life on mathematics by the time he was nine years old. That year he found his own proof of the Pythagorean theorem. Nobody taught it to him. He just worked it out. Then the Cultural Revolution arrived and took everything. The Chinese government closed the schools. Zhang's father had political troubles with the Communist Party, so Zhang was sent to the countryside with his mother to work in the fields. He spent 10 years as a farm laborer. No high school. No classroom. No teacher. He read math books in the fields when he could find them. When the revolution ended, Zhang was 23. He sat the university entrance exam and got into Peking University, one of the most competitive mathematics programs in China. He finished his bachelor's degree, then a master's. The president of Peking University personally recommended him for a full scholarship at Purdue University in the United States. He arrived at Purdue in 1985. He earned his PhD in 1991. Then the second wall hit. His relationship with his doctoral advisor collapsed. The advisor did not write him letters of recommendation. Without those letters, the academic job market was closed. Zhang applied. Nothing came back. He spent the years after his PhD working as an accountant, doing delivery work, sleeping in his car during the stretches when nothing else was available. A friend eventually opened a Subway sandwich restaurant in Kentucky and offered him a job. Zhang took it. He kept the books and made sandwiches. A man with a PhD in mathematics from Purdue, working a Subway counter because the academic world had no place for him. He did this for seven years. He was finally hired as a lecturer at the University of New Hampshire in 1999. Not a professor. A lecturer. The lowest rung of the academic ladder, with no research funding, no graduate students, and no institutional support. He taught calculus to undergraduates and worked on mathematics alone in whatever time was left. Most people would have stopped believing by then. Zhang did not stop. The Twin Prime Conjecture is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory. Twin primes are pairs of prime numbers separated by exactly two: 5 and 7, 17 and 19, 41 and 43. The conjecture predicts that these pairs never stop appearing no matter how far you go along the number line. Mathematicians had believed this for over 150 years. Nobody had been able to prove it. The deeper version of the problem asks something slightly different. Not whether twin primes are infinite, but whether there is any finite gap between prime numbers that appears infinitely often. This is called the bounded gap problem. The best mathematicians in analytic number theory had been attacking it for decades. A landmark 2005 paper by three researchers came agonizingly close and still could not close it. Zhang worked on it alone. No collaborators. No funding. No department seminars where he could road-test his ideas. He once said he would go to a friend's house and think in the garden for hours. In 2012, during a visit to a friend's home in Colorado, something unlocked. He submitted his paper to the Annals of Mathematics in April 2013. The Annals is the most prestigious mathematics journal in the world. Papers sit in review for months, sometimes years. The editors read Zhang's submission and immediately knew something was different. They sent it to the leading experts in analytic number theory for review. It was accepted in three weeks. The paper proved that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers separated by a gap of less than 70 million. Not two. Not the twin prime gap specifically. But a finite gap. For the first time in history, someone had proved that prime numbers keep coming back together, that the universe of numbers never lets them drift apart forever. Peter Sarnak, one of the most respected mathematicians at the Institute for Advanced Study, said: "He is not a fellow who had done much before. Nobody knew him. His result was spectacular." Zhang was 58 years old. Within a year he had the MacArthur Fellowship, the Cole Prize, the Rolf Schock Prize, and a full professorship at UC Santa Barbara. The man who spent seven years at Subway was now one of the most celebrated mathematicians alive. He said in an interview: "I was not lucky. Maybe it is more important for a person to make himself known to the public. But that was not so easy for me." He was not complaining. He was just being precise. The mathematics establishment has a quiet belief that great work happens young. The Fields Medal cuts off at 40. Most mathematicians who change the field do it in their thirties. Zhang proved his most important theorem at 58, after a decade of farm labor, seven years of sandwiches, and a decade of teaching calculus to freshmen with no one watching. He did not beat the deadline. He proved there was no deadline to beat.

@KreatelyMedia In Punyabhumi, "run by Muslims" shops should be 0.

Dalmandi, officially known as Hakim Mohammad Jafar Marg is the largest markets of Varanasi, spanning from Beniyabagh to Chowk Police Station near Kashi Vishwanath Temple. It is located in Purvanchal and is mostly run by Muslims.

@Luck_7773 Also, the best *type* of 4 because the fielder has to tieredly give chase until the very end 😆

Still wondering how that even went for a four 😭

@_KajalKushwaha Masha Ganesha 😍

यही मजा देखने के लिए ही तो हम लोग बीजेपी को वोट देते हैं‚ ये देख कर दिल को बहुत सकुन मिलता है।

@NewsAlgebraIND Christianity is a mental disorder as are other desert death cults.

US lawmakers from both the Democratic and Republican parties have expressed concerns over the proposed changes to India's FCRA. Looks like the Modi Government got it right. 🎯

@AdityaRajKaul @narendramodi Had Iran remained Zoroastrian this war need not have happened in the first place lol.

Prime Minister @narendramodi welcomes the peace deal between US and Iran. “India hopes that the implementation of this understanding will help restore peace and stability in the region and ensure the freedom of navigation and commerce”, says PM Modi.

@sardesairajdeep @LloydMathias A condom also acts as an intermediary between two genitalia.

Quite right @LloydMathias Pakistani friends celebrating Islamabad’s role in a US-Iran peace ‘deal’ may also want a reality check. An economy surviving on IMF lifelines. Years of double-digit inflation. Per capita income of barely $1,700. And a former PM, arguably the country’s most popular political figure, still behind bars after nearly three years. Before claiming to solve the Middle East, perhaps Pakistan should try solving Pakistan. 🙏

@narendramodi Let us not depend on either christoids or abdouls modiji. Let us figure out our own way at all costs.

I welcome the understanding reached between the United States and Iran on ending the conflict in West Asia, which has caused serious economic disruption across the world and led to loss of life in many countries. India hopes that the implementation of this understanding will help restore peace and stability in the region and ensure the freedom of navigation and commerce. We look forward to deliberations on the remaining issues reaching a sustainable final agreement.

@elitepredatorss This is being done to get water from us. No way.

You will start seeing multiple such posts in next couple of years, you have to make sure this shouldn't get under your skin. They will stab you the moment they will get an opportunity. History is testament for this !

@RealNick05 @sandeep_PT Absolute rubbish. x.com/AcademicSpade/…

@sandeep_PT I have always said, this country needs TFR below 1.0 for atleast a decade. The resources of this country cannot sustain such large population, let alone thrive. Lower population, will also spur need to innovate and force the country to rethink its future.

Panic over collapsing fertility This is the daughter of India's IT Dhandho Nandan Nilekani. She is pushing the idea of 3 kids per family now, after India's fertility has collapsed to 1.9, and may touch 1.5 by 2030. Now this is something we all celebrate, subject to the simple condition that we get rich before we get old, etc. But can you guess why she is pushing this crazy idea? 1) If population starts reducing sharply from birth-side, most consumption Dhandho models, and government rent-seeking models too will begin to shrink. Horror! 2) The huge govt. surveillance machinery will have lesser and lesser to feed upon. 3) And since isn't an innovation nation, the world's interest in us will collapse faster than our fertility (as they can't sell ever more to us, any more). 4) Of course the daily fear of population explosion that WhatsApp University feeds into innocent minds will end too. Read again - Indian elite want more kids per family, not less, because their business gets whacked otherwise. For the sake of this nation, reject these Dhandhos and their predatory ideas. Surely this lady has no clue of how impossible it is for a regular middle-class family to educate even a second child now.

@sandeep_PT She is absolutely correct. Numbers are never the problem. Productivity is. If govt announces 0% reservation from tomorrow and invalidates caste certificates, the stock market will double tomorrow and India will clock 10%+ growth rate annually for decades. Are you ready?

@theliverdoc Ok ricebag.

Let me summarise this for you... This is the picture: -A religiously-motivated, unfalsifiable premise; -A dedicated funding line that could only ever reward positive outcomes and pre-planned confirmation; -So-called published "science" sitting at the bottom of the evidence hierarchy with no translational pathway built or even planned; -A sponsoring ministry that won't show its books; and -An opportunity cost measured against every competitively-reviewed proposal in real Indian science that didn't get that Rs 98 crore. Ultimately some compounds we already knew were in animal urine got identified. Nothing that matters to a person or a society evolved from this colossal wastage of public funds.

@DrEliDavid There is a dollar dumping pending. Xna and Japan and other central banks will rush to offload US treasuries and MBS and other dollar denominated debt. Sell it while you can otherwise, you are holding onto pennies for the dollar you paid.

I'm not concerned about the MOU, which doesn't say much. I'm concerned that the entire military might of the US couldn't force the regime into submission. If America failed to win the war with Iran, how could it protect Taiwan? How could it protect the gulf Arab states?

@Iran_in_India Iran would have been better of Zoroastrian so that it could have avoided the bloody mess it finds itself in.

Statement by the Secretariat of the Supreme National Security Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Agreement to End the War Between Iran and the United States (Unofficial Translation) In the Name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful The noble people of Iran are hereby informed that the Islamic Republic of Iran, guided by the leadership of its martyred Leader, has consolidated its superiority over the American-Zionist enemy. Under the directives of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (may God protect him), with the support of the Iranian people and the dedicated efforts of the fighters of Islam, and following several months of difficult and intensive negotiations, the Islamic Republic of Iran, pursuant to a resolution of the Supreme National Security Council, finalized the text of a Memorandum of Understanding concerning negotiations to end the war (the Islamabad Talks) between Iran and the United States on the evening of 14 June. According to the agreements reached, the war and military operations on all fronts, including Lebanon, will cease immediately and permanently as of tonight. Furthermore, the naval blockade imposed against Iran will be lifted immediately and in its entirety. The Memorandum of Understanding will be formally signed on Friday, 19 June. Negotiations on a final agreement will commence after the implementation of the other party’s commitments under the Memorandum of Understanding. The Islamic Republic of Iran expresses its appreciation to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the State of Qatar for their efforts in facilitating this process.

@Jairam_Ramesh Dei...summa kada da. Vela illannu theriyum. Adhikku, eppidi naata pathi kuthom sollalaamtu yosikiriye. Vekkama illa? 60+ varsham irindhinga...UNSC seat kotta vittu, naata padhi thulukannukku kuduthi, ennalaam akkaram pannirkeenga. Vaya mooditu iru.

The news that the US and Iran will be signing an agreement on June 19th in Geneva to halt hostilities in West Asia is to be welcomed, even though the full details are yet to be made public officially. There is universal hope that the two countries (as also Israel) will abide by the accord - even though it is of an interim nature - and that the accord will lead to a more permanent normalization. While the unrestricted re-opening of the Strait of Hormuz will certainly bring great relief to India, it does not mean the structural problems the economy faces will soon be surmounted. These concerns clearly predate the current war in West Asia that began just two days after Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Israel. The rupee had been under considerable pressure for over a year and the gap between the demand and supply of dollars had been growing. Rates of private investment—a most crucial determinant of GDP growth-- have been tepid for many years. This is the result of sluggish growth in demand that, in turn, is the outcome of - i. Stagnation in real wages over the past decade; ii. Modi Government’s failure to check the dumping of imports from China that has resulted in a record trade deficit and endangered growth of job-generating MSMEs in particular; iii. Overall investment climate vitiated by unchecked powers given to tax authorities and investigative agencies. Pakistan, that had been successfully isolated by India after its orchestrating of the terror attacks in Mumbai in November 2008, now seems to have acquired a new regional and global influence. This, coupled with China’s deep embedding in Pakistan’s strategic apparatus, poses a formidable geo-political challenge for India’s foreign policy. It is too much to expect Mr. Modi to rethink his blind devotion and unconditional support to Israel. But humanitarian considerations and long-standing commitments apart, our national interest demands greater balance than Mr. Modi has shown.

@piyush_trades If the government issues a fiat that there will be 0 % reservations from tomorrow and all caste certificates are null and void, the stock market will double tomorrow and India will have 10+% growth rate year on year for decades. The question is, are we ready for this wild ride!

China’s GDP is $21 trillion while India’s GDP is $4 trillion. Still, people say India will become a superpower by 2047, which is one of the biggest lies I’ve ever heard. Even if India grows by 7.7% every year while China grows at 0%, it will take us 22 years to overtake China, which takes us to year 2048; a year late than target. Truthfully, China will not remain stagnant at 0%. If we assume that China grows at a modest 2%, it will take us 30 years to overtake China, which comes at year 2056. Now, if you take into account that India will not continue to grow at 7.7% because our economic base will increase so the growth rate will fall, things start to look even bad. If we assume an average growth rate of 4% for India and 1% for China over decades (which is realistic), it’ll take us 55 yrs to overtake China, which comes at 2081. Under no circumstances, by growing at the pace we currently are, do we have any chance of overtaking China by 2047; forget about USA. Once you also accept that China is working extremely hard in the fields of robotics, AI, and technology, you’ll realise that China might even achieve a higher growth rate than India. India is far behind in the race for technology, robotics, and AI, yet we still have the confidence to lie to ourselves that we will become a superpower by 2047. Without any exceptional work that gives us exceptional returns, there is absolutely zero chance that we become a superpower globally; unless other superpowers fall. Even if we become a large economy by 2047, other countries will get so far ahead of us that we will once again look insignificant. So the real question is: what are we doing today that guarantees we will overtake, or at least come close to, China, the US, or Russia by 2047? Being completely honest, I cannot name anything. Not even one. I wonder what will happen to our stock market, which has been built by the dreams of year 2047.

@Curious_Com_ The big thing to do would be to eventually dump US treasuries and Mortgage Backed securities. The largest holders of these are currently Xna and Japanese central banks. No one wants to be the last to hold onto these. India should carefully not buy more USD debt.

🚨 INDIA JUST DICTHED USD💲 🇮🇳 Something interesting is happening behind the scenes... Instead of relying completely on the US Dollar for global trade, India is gradually building a network where countries can trade using local currencies. The India-UAE deal is a great example. ✅ India exports medicines, food products, machinery, steel and other goods to UAE ✅ India imports crude oil from UAE ✅ UAE earns Rupees when India buys oil ✅ Those Rupees can then be used to buy Indian products This creates a self-sustaining trade cycle and reduces dependence on the Dollar. 🌍 The strategy doesn't stop with UAE. India is pushing similar arrangements with multiple countries while expanding UPI globally and strengthening economic partnerships. Even more interesting, UAE is investing billions of dollars into India, helping strengthen sectors that support its future supply needs. If this model scales successfully, it could boost Indian exports, increase global acceptance of the Rupee, strengthen India's economic influence, and create long-term opportunities for Indian businesses. 🚀 This isn't just diplomacy. It's a long-term economic strategy.

@MattooShashank Desert religions are mental disorders.

My exclusive: A new problem for India is taking shape in the US America’s political parties are raising concerns on changes to India’s FCRA law US Christian groups argue the changes will damage Christian charities in India receiving foreign funds hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-…

@gaandfaadtits There is something clean and elegant about his bowling action.

Bro literally bowled ball of the decade delivery to a third class batsman 🔥

@Rainmaker1973 The Hindu chisel is unparalleled.

The craftsmanship inside of the 1100 years old Sahastrabahu Temple in Rajasthan, India