Igor Holt

Physicist Successfully Demonstrates the Origin of Time Giovanni Barontini from the University of Birmingham, UK, has used a cloud of cold atoms to test the origin of time. This is an interesting contribution to the long-standing question of how to define time in a non-circular way (time is what a clock measures and a clock is what measures time). One of the proposed solutions is to define time in quantum physics from the interaction of two different subsystems. This interaction, so the idea, introduces an oscillation that serves as the ‘tick’ of the clock. If that was so, then time would be purely ‘relational’ — an emergent, derived quantity — rather than (as in Einstein’s theory), a fundamental property of the universe. Barontini used about 24,000 ultracold rubidium atoms in a trap split by a thin light barrier into an observed “bright” part and an unobserved “dark” part. Atoms could move between the two, so the bright part expanded and collapsed in repeated cycles, rather like a toy version of a big bang and big crunch. Barontini then defined an internal “entropic time” from how the entropy of the bright part changed as atoms moved in and out. This internal time ordered the observed events almost as well as laboratory time. This experiment lends support to the idea that time is not fundamental, but emerges from interactions between parts of a closed system, though one may ask how interactions can change a system if there is not already a time for them to change in, but then maybe that’s just Sabine being grumpy again. Image: The device, called a ‘trap’, that holds the cloud of cold atoms in place using a combination of lasers and magnetic fields. Credits: Giovanni Barontini/University of Birmingham

This vial contains a new drug called PAC-832, which I recently invented to treat Alzheimer’s disease. It is the world’s first selective GalR1 antagonist. I designed and synthesized PAC-832 in a chemistry lab I built in my garage. (1/16)