Klaus Pölloth

Germany is about to make yet another irreversible energy decision at Hambach that goes far beyond land restoration. It cuts directly into the country’s long term energy security. The Hambach open pit mine in North Rhine Westphalia is one of the largest lignite reserves in Europe. Beneath it sits well over 1 billion tonnes of extractable lignite, part of a broader basin that has powered German industry for decades. At peak operation, Hambach and the surrounding Rhineland mines supplied a significant share of Germany’s baseload electricity, with lignite alone historically contributing 20 to 25% of national power generation. From 2030, the plan is to flood the mine using water diverted from the Rhine, gradually creating an artificial lake reaching depths of 300 to 360 meters. This is not a surface level transformation. It will submerge the entire excavation zone, including remaining coal seams that extend deep into the basin. Once filled, the hydrostatic pressure, water infiltration, and structural destabilization of the mine walls will make any future extraction technically unviable and economically irrational. In practical terms, this means that hundreds of millions to over a billion tonnes of lignite will be permanently locked away. Even if future governments wanted to reverse course, draining a lake of this scale, stabilizing the geology, and rebuilding mining infrastructure would take decades and tens of billions in cost. It is, for all intents and purposes, a one way decision. This is what makes Hambach different. It is not a transition. It is a deliberate removal of optionality. And it comes after a series of compounding policy choices that have already weakened Germany’s energy system. Over the past decade, the country has:- • Shut down the majority of its nuclear power plants, removing stable, zero carbon baseload capacity • Decommissioned modern coal facilities, including plants that were operating at high efficiency • Increased dependence on imported energy while reducing domestic production buffers The consequences of this are no longer theoretical. They have already played out twice in rapid succession. In 2022, the Russia Ukraine conflict exposed Germany’s dependence on external gas supplies, triggering the most severe energy crisis in decades. Now, just a few years later, the ongoing Middle East conflict has pushed fuel prices up by 30% and natural gas prices up by 25 to 30% in a matter of weeks. What these shocks reveal is not just vulnerability, but the absence of fallback capacity. This is where Hambach becomes critical. Instead of preserving a strategic domestic reserve exceeding 1 billion tonnes, Germany is choosing to eliminate it at a time when global energy markets are becoming more volatile and politically constrained. The contrast with other major economies is stark. China and India continue to expand their energy systems by layering renewables on top of existing fossil capacity. Together, they consume over 3 billion tonnes of coal annually, ensuring that their grids remain stable even under extreme demand or supply disruptions. Their approach is additive. Germany’s has been subtractive. A sure shot losing bet. And the economic impact is now visible across multiple dimensions:- • Electricity prices for households are 2× higher than France • Industrial power costs reached €0.14 per kWh, forcing €4.5 billion in subsidies • Germany increasingly imports nuclear power from France and coal generated electricity from Poland • Domestic baseload capacity continues to shrink while demand remains industrially high What Hambach represents is not just an environmental project. It is the final step in removing one of the last large scale domestic energy buffers Germany still possesses. Because once flooded:- • 1 billion tonnes of lignite becomes inaccessible • Recovery would require decades and tens of billions in reinvestment • Germany loses a critical emergency energy reserve permanently • Future policy flexibility is eliminated At the same time:- • Global energy demand continues to rise • Geopolitical risks around supply chains are increasing • Competing economies are expanding, not reducing, their energy base Energy systems are not built for ideal conditions. They are built for stress scenarios. Germany has now faced two major shocks in under five years. In both cases, reduced domestic capacity translated directly into higher prices, subsidies, and economic strain. Hambach removes the ability to respond differently the next time. And that is the core issue. There is no precedent for a major industrial economy maintaining competitiveness with constrained, expensive, and externally dependent energy. Every historical and modern example points in the opposite direction. Flooding Hambach is not just about a lake. It is about permanently giving up a billion tonne energy reserve in an increasingly uncertain world.

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Die mächtigste Partei Deutschlands kommt auf zwölf Prozent.