
I went through the same process but just looking at history the papacy is there in the early church and is functional. Jesus said the Holy Spirit would guide the church in all truth. The orthodox, the Protestants and the restoration churches like Mormons and Jehovah Witnesses all make the claim in retrospect that the Catholic Church errored some how.
In the early church the papacy is there and operating. The early church believed that Matthew 16 clearly established Simon as the leader of the church with preeminent authority. In John 1:42 a verse that even most Catholics miss when Jesus first meets Simon the very first thing he says to him is that he would be called “Cephas which means rock.”
Why would Jesus change Simon’s name to “rock” and foreshadow the greatest word play in the history of the world in Matthew 16 if it meant absolutely nothing?
Jesus tells Simon that in the future he would be called “rock.” Then in Matt 16 two years later he gives his famous wordplay when he says
You are Petros (rock) and on this petra (Rock) I will build my church
Jesus goes on to give him the keys and binding authority.
The early church believed that Peter went to Antioch first and served as Bishop there as he lead Antioch and the world wide church. Then he went to Rome and before he was martyred he appointed a successor.
The pope is there and operating and was a part of the church councils even though he did not attend every one of them. The pope always had a say in originating the doctrines that was debated in the councils.
So if Christ said that the Holy Spirit would guide the church in ALL truth then why would you not trust that he was guiding the church when the Bishop of Rome had preeminent authority?
The Orthodox get out to 1054 and they look back retroactively and claim the Papacy’s preeminent authority was an error! But pause there for a second. Christ said the Holy Spirit would guide the church in all truth- - so do you want to believe someone’s claim that the early church made egregious errors? If you make the claim that the early church errors some how then why would you trust complex doctrines like the Hypostatic Union and the Trinity? Why would you trust that the church selected the right documents for the New Testament?
Either the early church was led by the Holy Spirit in all truth or Christianity is a false religion.
I would read Erick Ybarra’s book called “The Papacy; Revisiting the Catholic/ Orthodox debate.
Also Steve Ray’s book “Upon This Rock.”
Joe Heschmeyer book Pope Peter is good as well.
That is how I analyzed it. May God lead you to the truth brother
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