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Around these days in July 356 BC, Alexander was born in Pella. Plutarch writes: "That Alexander was, on his father’s side, a descendant of Heracles through Karanus, and on his mother’s side a descendant of Aeacus through Neoptolemus (Achilles' son), is one of the most widely accepted facts (Karanus was the founder, in the 9th century BC, of the dynasty to which Alexander belonged). Philip, after being initiated into the mysteries of Samothrace at the same time as Olympias, he was still a young man and she an orphan, fell in love with her and immediately arranged the marriage, having first persuaded her brother Arybbas. Before the night on which the marriage was consummated, the bride dreamed that a clap of thunder was heard, a thunderbolt fell upon her belly, and from the spot a great fire blazed up, spreading flames in every direction before they died away. Later, after the wedding, Philip himself dreamed that he placed a seal on his wife’s belly. The device on the seal, as he imagined, was in the form of a lion. And she was pregnant with a child who would be bold and lion-hearted (Source: Plutarch, Alexander ch. 2)
Philip was a member of the royal house of the Argeads. He was also born in Pella and was a descendant of Perdiccas I, the founder of the Macedonian state, and a descendant of the royal Temenid-Argead dynasty. He was also the great-grandson of Karanus, the patriarch of the Macedonians and a Temenid. This dynasty was a continuation of the Temenids of Argos from Peloponnese. All of them were known as Heracleidae, a term used in ancient texts to refer to the sons of Heracles and all his descendants, up until the death of Alexander IV, son of Alexander III (Alexander the Great), which marked the end of this divine bloodline.
The Temenids are those who brought the "Vergina Star" to Macedonia. It was a PanHellenic symbol. For example the Laconian crater with the Panhellenic Sun, a 6th-century BC Spartan artifact (at Louvre Museum now), features the 16-ray Sun, highlighting its Panhellenic significance long before Macedonia's rise. It's a historical connection between Laconia and its northern Dorian relatives, the Macedonians.
On the other hand, Alexander’s mother was originally named Polyxena (Πολυξένη), also a Greek name (Πολυξένη < πολύς + ξένη) and means "very hospitable". She was the second daughter of Neoptolemus II, king of the Molossians of Epirus, and was born in the Molossian capital, Passaron (modern-day Ioannina region). Her family belonged to the Aeacid Dynasty.
The Aeacidae (Αἰακίδαι) were descendants of Aeacus. Her father, Neoptolemus II of Epirus, was the son of Alcetas I and was named after Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, who was the founder of the dynasty. Polyxena learned the priestly art at the Oracle of Dodona, where she spent many years as a priestess. As an initiate in the Mysteries of Bacchus, she was also a priestess of the Cabirian Mysteries of Samothrace
The name Alexander (Ἀλέξανδρος) is Greek and is composed of two elements: 1. ἀλέξω (alexō) – This verb means "to defend," "to ward off," or "to protect." It reflects a sense of protection, particularly in the context of guarding against danger or enemies. 2. ἀνήρ (anēr), genitive: ἀνδρός (andros) – This word means "man" or "warrior." In ancient Greek, it often referred to a strong or courageous man.
The full name "Alexander" (Ἀλέξανδρος) can be interpreted as: "Defender of Men" or "Protector of Warriors." Alternatively, it can mean "He who wards off or protects mankind."
.. Philip, deeply moved, is said to have shed a tear of joy and, as Alexander dismounted, he said to him: "My son, you must seek a kingdom worthy of yourself, for Macedonia is too small for you."
— Plutarch, Parallel Lives Alexander [6]
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