chanchal joshi

Don't rush, enjoy the journey. Trust the process.🙌 #nature shows everyday 1. Budding aspirations 2. Development process 3. Zenith 4. Coexistence Applies to every living being. 🌼💮🙌🌄 #garden #Blossom #GoodmorningTwitter #MondayMotivation

@rajasthanroyals 💕💕💕💕

Good morning ❤️‍🔥

@carlosalcaraz Man just win it please Vamos 🇪🇸❤️

Clayyyyy! 🧱❤️

Not gray… I’m full of color 😏 Surprised? #ArtemissII

Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu attains first criticality This news is everywhere, and if you are facing difficulty in understanding what it means, this is for you 👇 Let’s start from scratch. India’s nuclear journey began with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. In 1956, Asia’s first research reactor, Apsara, was commissioned at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Trombay. India adopted the vision of a three-stage nuclear power programme to ensure energy security. The main brain behind this vision was Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, the father of India’s nuclear programme. But why three stages? Because the most important fuel for nuclear power plants is uranium. It is a naturally occurring radioactive element, and the fission of U-235 atoms produces nuclear energy. However, India lacks large reserves of uranium, which means dependency on foreign countries for nuclear energy. Understanding the depth of this issue and its future consequences, Homi J. Bhabha developed a roadmap for generating nuclear electricity using thorium, which has abundant reserves in India. Thorium is also a naturally occurring element and is more abundant than uranium. But the issue with thorium is that it is not fissile, but fertile. This means thorium-232 cannot sustain a nuclear chain reaction on its own, but it can be converted into fissile uranium by absorbing neutrons inside a reactor. So, his aim was to convert abundant thorium into fissile fuel for energy production. Thus, he proposed the three-stage nuclear programme: → STAGE 1: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) use uranium-based fuel to generate electricity while simultaneously producing fissile plutonium (Pu-239) as a by-product. They use heavy water (deuterium oxide) as both coolant and moderator. → STAGE 2: This stage involves Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs), like the one at Kalpakkam, which has now attained criticality. What’s special about FBRs? They use plutonium-based fuel (obtained from Stage 1), typically in the form of Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxide (MOX). Another key feature these reactors use fast-moving neutrons, unlike conventional reactors that slow them down. They use liquid sodium as a coolant, which absorbs fewer neutrons compared to water. This ensures more neutrons remain available for reactions, increasing the conversion of uranium into plutonium-239. As a result, a breeder reactor produces more Pu-239 than it consumes—hence the name “breeder reactor.” Another Important key thing in FBRs , is that If the reactor core is surrounded by a thorium blanket, thorium gets converted into uranium-233. This will serve as fuel for the third stage of India’s nuclear programme. This conversion process is called nuclear transmutation ,the conversion of one element into another through nuclear reactions. (Transmutation transforms the nucleus of an atom, thereby changing its atomic number and converting it into a different element) Now What is Criticality? It is the stage where a nuclear reactor achieves a stable, self-sustaining chain reaction. In simple terms, each atomic fission produces enough neutrons to sustain further reactions at a constant rate. → STAGE 3: The third stage is based on the Thorium–Uranium-233 cycle. U-233 produced in the second stage will be used in advanced reactors like the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) for long-term energy security. I hope this made things clear 😊👍

🙏💜

😂😭😂😭

A 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 memory ✨ #OnThisDay in 2⃣0⃣1⃣1⃣, the MS Dhoni-led #TeamIndia clinched the ICC Men's ODI World Cup in front of a packed Wankhede crowd 🥳🇮🇳

Music is top notch 👌 Visuals are looking good Ranbir kapoor is fine Still our own history is so strong that it will hide loopholes . Rest waiting for theatre release 🙏 Jai shree ram🙏🌸 #ramayan

या देवी सर्वभूतेषु शक्तिरूपेण संस्थिता नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः|| May maa bless her every child with peace and happiness 🙏🌺🚩 Jai mata di 🪷 #Navami #Navaratri2025 #mahanavami2025

There’s only one character in tv history that can rival Tommy Shelby 10/10

❤️❤️

The reviews for Peaky Blinders: The Immortal Man are in.

James Cameron, Martin Scorsese and Paul Thomas Anderson all won their first-ever Best Director Oscar for films starring Leonardo DiCaprio.

🐼❤️

One Oscar after another. Congratulations to ONE BATTLE AFTER ANOTHER, this year’s Best Picture winner! #Oscars

A huge congratulations to the teams behind FRANKENSTEIN for winning 3 Academy Awards ⚡️ #Oscars • Best Costume Design • Best Makeup and Hairstyling • Best Production Design

Meme lord leo 💛💛

She deserves this ✨️

😂😂😂😂

@ayusshsanghi A non lethargic planned day routine

Everyone is worried about the sacrifices you make during your UPSC preparation. Let's explore the opposites. What is that one thing you enjoy doing daily?