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Comic Bats (Yatsuatari dōke kōmori). Artist: Utagawa Kuniyoshi, circa 1846. Medium: Polychrome woodblock print. Source / Collection: Richard Kruml - JapanesePrints-London.
In the early 1840s, the Tokugawa shogunate passed strict censorship laws known as the Tenpō Reforms to stop luxury spending in society. The government banned ukiyo-e artists from drawing popular kabuki theater actors. Artists who broke these rules faced heavy penalties, including the destruction of their woodblocks. To get around the censorship, Kuniyoshi found a solution in humor. He began drawing the banned actors as cats, frogs, and bats. The people of Edo instantly recognized their favorite actors from the clothes and specific patterns these human-like animals wore.
The artwork I'm sharing is a parody of Sukeroku Yukari no Edo Zakura, one of the most famous kabuki plays of its time. The cherry blossoms in the background serve as a visual nod to the phrase "Edo Cherry Blossoms" in the play's title. The bat on the left, with its purple headband and black appearance, plays the main character, Sukeroku. The white-bearded figure on the right takes on the role of the story's main villain, the old samurai Ikyu. In the original play, Sukeroku tries to provoke Ikyu into drawing his sword, hoping to find his stolen family heirloom sword. To anger him, he deliberately holds his pipe between his toes and offers it to him.
In Japanese culture, it's an unacceptable insult to offer someone an object with your foot. The bat presenting the smoking accessory with its foot captures that iconic moment of provocation from the stage. The artist used his artistic cleverness to bypass the government bans and continued sharing the era's beloved theater scenes with the public.

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