Ron Ippolito

@archeohistories @grok assess the validity of these claims

A new study suggests that a million or more European Christians were enslaved by Muslims in North Africa between 1530-1780 – a far greater number than had ever been estimated before. In a new book, Robert Davis, professor of history at Ohio State University, developed a unique methodology to calculate the number of white Christians who were enslaved along Africa’s Barbary Coast, arriving at much higher slave population estimates than any previous studies had found. Most other accounts of slavery along Barbary coast didn’t try to estimate the number of slaves, or only looked at the number of slaves in particular cities, Davis said. Most previously estimated slave counts have thus tended to be in the thousands, or at most in the tens of thousands. Davis, by contrast, has calculated that between 1 million and 1.25 million European Christians were captured and forced to work in North Africa from 16th-18th Centuries. “Much of what has been written gives the impression that there were not many slaves and minimizes the impact that slavery had on Europe,” Davis said. “Most accounts only look at slavery in one place, or only for a short period of time. But when you take a broader, longer view, the massive scope of this slavery and its powerful impact become clear.” Davis said it is useful to compare this Mediterranean slavery to the Atlantic slave trade that brought black Africans to the Americas. Over the course of four centuries, the Atlantic slave trade was much larger – about 10 to 12 million black Africans were brought to the Americas. But from 1500 to 1650, when trans-Atlantic slaving was still in its infancy, more white Christian slaves were probably taken to Barbary than black African slaves to the Americas, according to Davis. “One of the things that both the public and many scholars have tended to take as given is that slavery was always racial in nature – that only blacks have been slaves. But that is not true,” Davis said. “We cannot think of slavery as something that only white people did to black people.” During the time period Davis studied, it was religion and ethnicity, as much as race, that determined who became slaves. “Enslavement was a very real possibility for anyone who traveled in the Mediterranean, or who lived along the shores in places like Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, and even as far north as England and Iceland,” he said. Pirates (called corsairs) from cities along the Barbary Coast in north Africa – cities such as Tunis and Algiers – would raid ships in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, as well as seaside villages to capture men, women and children. The impact of these attacks were devastating – France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. At its peak, the destruction and depopulation of some areas probably exceeded what European slavers would later inflict on the African interior. Although hundreds of thousands of Christian slaves were taken from Mediterranean countries, Davis noted, the effects of Muslim slave raids was felt much further away: it appears, for example, that through most of 17th Century the English lost at least 400 sailors a year to the slavers. Even Americans were not immune. For example, one American slave reported that 130 other American seamen had been enslaved by the Algerians in the Mediterranean and Atlantic just between 1785-1793. *** Davis’s new estimates appear in the book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan). 📷 : Scene at a slave market by Swiss artist Otto Pilny (1866-1936) painted in 1919. #archaeohistories

@ChadBianco @grok Is this poll data accurate? Is there some omission or some other way it could be misleading?

NEW POLL: Sheriff Bianco leads the field. California is waking up and understands it's time for a new direction.

@Shilohmarx @grok Under the Constitution, states are responsible for election laws. Therefore, can the President unilaterally take away mail-in voting rights from the states that have this in place?

Trump was known for not wanting to campaign in California because it was a lost cause. Today—the U.S. Department of Justice has sued the California Secretary of State and will get the entire statewide voter database; the White House has announced California is under federal investigation for fraud with mail-in ballots. Furthermore, Trump has been working on an executive order to ban mail-in voting. California is in good hands. We will flip California in 2026; I am more confident of that than I have ever been. Thank you @POTUS @HarmeetKDhillon

BREAKING 🚨 The crowd is ROARING as they see President Trump at the Football Stadium. I LOVE IT Trump truly is loved by everybody ❤️

@Sadie_NC @CofSnz What about those who wave the flag of the Confederate States of America, a nation that killed hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, all in the name of white supremacy and human trafficking? Where do those folks belong?

Pretty simple concept, don't ya think?

@USAttyEssayli "No one has the right to assault, obstruct, or interfere with federal authorities carrying out their duties"--unless you violently assault Capitol Police on January 6. Then you're a "patriot" worthy of a pardon, right?

Federal agents were executing a lawful judicial warrant at a LA worksite this morning when David Huerta deliberately obstructed their access by blocking their vehicle. He was arrested for interfering with federal officers and will face arraignment in federal court on Monday. Let me be clear: I don’t care who you are—if you impede federal agents, you will be arrested and prosecuted. No one has the right to assault, obstruct, or interfere with federal authorities carrying out their duties.

@karlykingsley History teacher here. I've reviewed a number of inaugurations, and honestly it was just rough timing. Vance's family took a bit longer to get back, Chief Justice Roberts just jumped right in, and Melania and family didn't even have time to all get situated before the oath began.

Hey Christians, I have a question…why didn’t Trump put his hand on The Bible?

So @padlet is locking out educators' free accounts January 15. Any teachers know of a migration tool to move Padlet content to Google Sites?

@moler3031 Adam, I am also an eighth grade social studies teacher, as well as our school’s Instructional Coach. Would love a copy of your slide deck if you are willing to share.

I’m excited to tackle the mid-semester slump with exclusive tricks & treats in the Mid-Semester Mission Challenge with @classcompanion_ #teachertwitter #edtech #classcompanion

@DonaldTNews Feast of the Assumption celebration that happened two years ago. x.com/lourdes_france…

Thousands of Christians in France gathered together in a breathtaking display of faith and unity. Who else thinks we need more of this? The mainstream media does not want you to SHARE this!

@kiwifoto @quakebot_ca @rbabox @rbabox_la @chp_la @plinyfinder @DogtownBBS @laxradar Moving to Threads maybe?? 😃

All of my twitter bots are down until further notice... Twitter decided to deprecate endpoints and start enforcing post limits unless you pay. @rbabox @rbabox_la @quakebot_ca @chp_la @plinyfinder @DogtownBBS @laxradar

@periodicprez This would be the perfect addition to my eighth grade US History & Government classroom! 🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸

O say, did you see this? 🇺🇸😄 We're giving away one limited edition Star-Spangled Banner print! Interact with this tweet for a chance to win. Ends by the dawn's early light of 6/18/23 (8 am CDT). #CivicSeason

@teachergoals Otter Pops

@RNCResearch Raising the debt limit doesn’t authorize Biden to go out and spend more money; raising the debt limit just means we as a nation can pay off the $6.6 trillion in debt incurred during the Trump administration.

Election Denier and House Democrat Leader Hakeem Jeffries accuses Republicans of a "manufactured default crisis." House Republicans are the ONLY body to have actually passed a debt limit bill.

@ModestTeacher Teach lessons that engage and include all students.

What do you do to incentivize student attendance?

@KevOnStage All my red velvet cake experiences here in Southern California do NOT involve pecans. That sounds delicious, however. 😃

Help me settle a debate. Where are you from and where your from do they eat pecans on Red Velvet Cake?

@CarlosGSmith Vanilla ISIS

That’s him.

Florida GOP Representative Jeff Holcomb says the quiet part out loud on the House floor today. “Our terrorist enemies hate homosexuals MORE THAN WE DO.” Audible gasping in the chamber. And then there’s @RepSkidmore’s reaction. 😲

@TONYxTWO @HillaryClinton One of the 2016 Presidential candidates is the only federal official to ever be impeached twice, is currently the subject at least six different active civil or criminal investigations, and whines about all of it constantly. The other is Hillary Clinton.

As Republicans declare war on Disney, I know whose side I'm on...

Can’t wait to see everyone at the PTA Convention!