Gerid Dodge

The oldest mention of Palestine is in the 5th century BCE by the Greek historian Herodotus. Before this, the Philistines were mentioned in Egyptian hieroglyphics dating back to the 12th century BCE, during the reign of Ramesses III.   Palestine (and variants such as Palaestina, Palestina, Philistia) appears on a number of maps from antiquity through the early modern period. Key ancient and medieval examples Roman and Late Antique cartography ◦Tabula Peutingeriana (scale road map, copy from 4th–5th c. CE tradition, surviving medieval copy): shows regions and routes across the eastern Mediterranean; Latin inscriptions in copies and scholarly editions identify Palaestina in Roman administrative terminology. The map’s inscriptions reflect Roman-era names used in texts and a single bold label “PALESTINA” as on later maps. ◦Ecclesiastical/geographical works: Inscriptions in Late Antique manuscripts and mappa mundi often use Latin “Palaestina” when reproducing classical/imperial toponyms. Byzantine and Islamic-era cartography ◦Byzantine manuscripts and portolan derivatives sometimes show "Palestine" in Greek or in Latinized forms when copying classical geography (e.g., works based on Ptolemy that were transmitted into Byzantium and later into Western Europe). ◦Arabic geographers (al-Idrisi, Ibn Khordadbeh, al-Muqaddasi) use Filastin (فلسطين). Later medieval maps or geographic summaries derived from these texts sometimes include Filastin transliterated into Latin characters in Western copies. Notable Renaissance and early modern printed maps (clear printed labels) •15th–17th centuries (widespread use of "Palestina"/"Palestine") ◦Claudius Ptolemy editions (Rome/1530s onward): Ptolemaic atlases printed in the 15th–16th centuries typically include the eastern Mediterranean region as "Palestina" or place names derived from Ptolemy’s “Palaistine” (Greek Παλαιστίνη) in Latinized form. ◦Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (first published 1544 and reissued): maps of the “Holy Land Palestina" or "Terra Sancta" in various editions and languages. ◦Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570): several maps and the accompanying text refer to "Palestina" or "Palestina sive Terra Sancta". ◦Mercator, Gerardus (16th century): his atlases and regional maps include "Palaestina" as an historical/provincial label in maps of the Eastern Mediterranean or Palestine Holy Land. ◦Abraham Ortelius and Holler editions: many late 16th–17th-century atlases standardize "Palestina" as the cartographic label for the area between Phoenicia and Egypt. Printed maps with "Palestine" in English •17th–19th centuries ◦English atlases and biblical maps increasingly use "Palestine or Holy Land", for example, 18th-century biblical atlases and the Ordnance Survey-style surveys of the 19th century list "Palestine". Examples of early map-makers and sources that used the name •Ptolemaic tradition (Ptolemy’s Geography → Renaissance editions): transmitted the Greek language name Παλαιστίνη → Latin Palaestina. •Medieval Latin mappae mundi and portolan charts: occasional use when copying classical sources. •Arabic geographers: Filastin appears in narrative-geographic texts •Major early-modern cartographers: Ortelius, Mercator, Münster, Blaeu, Hondius, used Latin/vernacular forms of "Palestine." Form and orthography vary: Greek Παλαιστίνη, Latin Palaestina, medieval Latin Palestina, Arabic Filastin, and later vernacular Palestine. Spelling and placement vary by language and date.

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