
Since Brexit, the UK has taken a clear economic hit: GDP loss: ~4–5% lower than it would have been (BoE estimates) Trade: goods trade down ~10–15% vs trend Inflation: +2–3 percentage points higher (peaked >11% in 2022) Investment: ~10–15% below pre-Brexit trend GDP per capita: stagnating vs EU, gap widening since 2016 The EU also lost its #2 global financial center (London), reducing capital access for European firms. Reintegration is mutual economic gain.


















