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30 years ago I was working with elite athletes and drawing training zones on paper based on blood lactate curves.
No substrate data. No indirect calorimetry. Just the conviction that something metabolically distinct was happening at each intensity — and that Zone 2 was where the most important adaptation was taking place.
In 2005 I began adding fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates to the picture, and what the substrate data revealed confirmed what the lactate curves had been suggesting all along: each intensity represents a distinct metabolic state, not just a point on a continuum of effort.
That work became the Metabolic Map in 2013. Then the metabolic flexibility paper with George Brooks in 2018. And now the updated 2026 framework, which maps four metabolic states onto classical threshold models and asks a question the older models never quite posed:
Is the system in optimal metabolic balance, or is it drifting away from it?
Lactate turns out to be the best real-time proxy we have for answering that question. It tracks metabolic equilibrium, the onset of drift, and the progression toward overload better than any other single variable we can measure in the field.
Thirty years of work. One molecule. One central question.
My last substack article
open.substack.com/pub/inigosanmi…

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Be like Jack. Get your CAC scan now. 15 mins & $150 can save your life. Heart attacks are a totally preventable killer! Time to cover the cost w insurance - widespread mammogram for the heart will save 50k lives & $10B per year! ❤️🇺🇸🚀@American_Heart @Ctr4HeartAtkPrv @DrOz
jack@jack
got my first CT w/wo contrast scan yesterday
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Alright $GTLB participated in market mania for a bit but now it's time for reality to kick in again, thanks to @bstaples. It's quite rare to see completely incompetent management live in action like this. Just unforced error after unforced error. Incredible! Increasing short!
Erz Bor@545esdfrs
One can bring a bull to water, but if the bull refuses to drink... I wonder when these people will learn and see price action for what it is: acknowledgment $GTLB is a long term zero.
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@dgorski By when you think Nintendo stops producing S1?
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I'm usually lurking here on Twitter/X but given the recent results published by $NTDOY, wanted to share my updated view:
Nintendo is not just a hardware cycle bet anymore.
It is increasingly a software attach + ecosystem durability thesis.
The key question is not simply:
“Can Switch 2 repeat Switch 1?”
It’s:
Can Nintendo sustain monetization across generations?
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@1MushroomBank No way S1 lasts too long from here - memory demands of newer games are higher. S2 has far more capable specs. Plus the units will start breaking down - a memory port malfunction is essentially the end for S1
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@NotA_Bull IF Shopee scales and Latin America mirrors China's competitiveness, $MELI’s margins will likely collapse from 6% to a Chinese-style 2%, far below Amazon’s 10%. Since Amazon’s valuation relies on AWS rather than e-commerce, what are the bulls so excited about? Its digital bank?
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Surprising new findings about coffee: you are drinking coffee for the gut bugs that run your brain.
> coffee affects the gut which then affects your brain
> it's the coffee bean, not the caffeine, doing most of the work
> polyphenols feed gut microbes, microbes send chemical messages, brain responds
> both coffees lowered inflammation, caffeine drove it further down (IL6, IL10)
> decaf raised systemic inflammation markers (hs-CRP, TNF-alpha)
> decaf uniquely fed the protective gut microbes
> caffeine blocked those gains by pushing food through too fast for the Clostridia bacteria to finish their work
> at baseline, coffee drinkers sat in the bottom 25 to 30 percent for protective gut metabolites compared to non-drinkers
> coffee lifted mood, cut depression and stress
> caffeine specifically lowered anxiety.
> the stress hormone story people tell about coffee does not hold up, cortisol did not budge
Study details:
62 people, 14-day coffee washout, then 21 days randomized double-blind to caffeinated or decaf. They measured gut bacteria, stool and urine chemistry, cognition, mood, blood inflammation, and cortisol.
What to do
Caffeinated in the morning for focus and lower anxiety. Decaf in the evening for memory and gut. One cup 6 hours before bed still acts like half a cup at bedtime. Less is better than more either way.
The takeaway
You are drinking coffee for the bugs that run your brain.


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Why is Hikari Tsushin $9435 weak? Because the other 94xx and 95xx stocks are weak! Because Hikari's company description says, "Hikari Tsushin, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, engages in the provision and sale of gas and electricity in Japan and internationally". This is of course not Hikari's primary business at all.

David Orr@orrdavid
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@P_Remarks @bstaples besides it is ridiculous all these banks still have coverage for a $3.7B stock - they should just drop it
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. @bstaples
Guggenheim
Citi
UBS
RBC
B of A
5 downgrades in 2 weeks. Tweets are nice but Wall Street isn’t convinced
Wall St Engine@wallstengine
BofA downgrades $GTLB to Neutral from Buy and slashed its PT to $27 from $58, saying the growth deceleration trend is tough to underwrite right now. The firm says GitLab likely needs 9 to 12 months to prove its agentic platform strategy can drive revenue reacceleration.
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