Optimum

this is not using gossip, it's erasure-coded broadcast. - Monad and Solana have deterministic topologies - this involves permissioning the validator network plane and publicly listing endpoints - Ethereum's network is permissionless, we cannot route deterministically - Monad requires 300Mbps bandwidth, Solana more. - Here are Ethereum's requirements, keeps the network universally accessible and decentralized

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Here is what a 60x faster ethereum confirmation means for users: If you are an everyday user, the difference is visceral. > You bridge funds from L1 to your favorite L2 and they land before you switch apps. > You deposit to an exchange and it’s confirmed before your brain registers that you hit send. The anxiety loop of watching pending transactions and refreshing block explorers just disappears. If you run an exchange, deposits from Ethereum drop to roughly thirteen seconds. > Your customers stop wondering why ETH takes longer than everything else to show up. > Your offramp becomes one of the fastest in the industry. > Customer support tickets about pending deposits start trending toward zero. If you are building an L2, your L1 to L2 deposit time collapses. > Less capital sits locked in transit. > Your sequencer knows the latest blob price with near real time accuracy which means a more efficient fee market across your entire chain. > Your operational costs go down and your user experience goes up simultaneously. If you are a bridge operator or solver, you stop relying on heuristics and probabilistic guesswork for risk management. > FCR provides provable security guarantees under its assumptions. > Assets move faster, which means less capital at risk at any given moment. > Your margins improve because your exposure windows shrink dramatically. If you are an asset issuer, you no longer have to choose between speed and Ethereum’s property rights. > Today, slow bridging times push issuers toward more trusted bridge models that sacrifice the security guarantees that make Ethereum valuable in the first place but FCR closes that gap. > You get the strongest property rights in crypto and the speed your users expect. Not one or the other. If you are an RPC provider, better connected nodes may offer faster confirmation times, which creates a new value proposition for your customers. > Performance becomes a differentiator in ways it wasn’t before. If you are an institution evaluating Ethereum, thirteen second confirmations with deterministic security guarantees changes the calculus entirely. > FCR counts attestations, not blocks. When conditions are normal, which they have been for Ethereum’s entire history, confirmations are provably secure. Risk management just got better. There is a lot of noise out there about what Ethereum is doing, what the Foundation is focused on, whether the ecosystem is moving fast enough. Here is your answer. The people building this network are solving real problems that real users feel every single day. Oh, and they are just getting started. Shipping in a few months, no hard fork required. Ethereum.