
Roger
1.3K posts

Roger
@selsrog
Dad, entrepreneur, padel player, music lover and technology geek.




















The World is the Biggest Computer Chip What is a Microchip? So, let's imagine a city, but a very, very, very tiny city that you can't even see without a super powerful microscope. This city is what we call a "microchip". Just like in a regular city, there are many different parts that help the city work properly. You've got roads, buildings, traffic lights, cars, and more. In the microchip, there are these tiny paths, like roads, that electricity can travel down. Along these paths, there are many different parts, like buildings, which we call "transistors". Transistors are essentially tiny electric switches that can be turned on or off. When these switches are "on," they allow electricity to flow through. When they're "off," they stop the electricity. By manipulating these on and off states, microchips can perform calculations, store data, and control other parts of a device. They're incredibly small, often no bigger than a fingernail, but a microchip has millions, and in some cases billions, of transistors. In the real world, we don’t have any cities with billions of buildings! Microchips are fundamental to the operation of a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, cars, and household appliances. They revolutionized the technology landscape, enabling devices to become smaller, faster, and more affordable. To appreciate the significance of microchips, let's imagine traveling back in time to the 1940s. During that era, computers were enormous machines that occupied entire rooms, and instead of microchips, they relied on vacuum tubes for their calculations. These vacuum tubes were bulky, consumed a substantial amount of energy, and overheated quickly. Similar to light bulbs, they frequently burned out and needed replacement, making the maintenance of those early computers a considerable challenge. The breakthrough occurred in the 1950s with the invention of the "transistor." Transistors were significantly smaller than vacuum tubes, generated less heat, and exhibited higher reliability. This marked a significant advancement. However, at the time, transistors were still manufactured and installed individually, which involved extensive labor. The true revolution unfolded in the 1950s and 1960s when inventors discovered a method to integrate numerous transistors onto a single piece of silicon. This groundbreaking innovation gave birth to the microchip, also known as the integrated circuit. Microchips drastically reduced the size, increased the speed, and lowered the cost of computers. Since then, we have witnessed ongoing advancements in microchip technology. It's as if we have been able to pack more and more cities inside our microchips over time. In the 1970s, a chip could accommodate a few thousand transistors. By the 1980s, that number grew to several hundred thousand. In the 1990s, microchips could house a few million transistors. Today, we can fit billions of transistors on a single chip. This continuous progress explains why our computers, smartphones, and game consoles have become significantly more powerful over the years. Recall that a microchip is simply electricity running through its circuits. Then what happens when power grids – also just electricity running through circuits – are connected globally? Would we have created a global earth computer? We might even call it a “Macrochip.” While the benefits of smaller, faster, and energy-efficient microchips are evident, it raises the question of whether the opposite - larger, slower, and highly energy-intensive macrochips - would hold any value. Larger: A global computer, by its very nature, would transcend the control of any single nation. It would be accessible to all nations, resulting in the equitable distribution of computational resources. Slower: A big slow computer might at first seem like a terrible idea, but it has its advantages when it comes to security – more on this in a minute. Energy Intensive: Once again, an energy-intensive computer might appear disadvantageous. However, it may also possess significant advantages. Now, let's delve into the topic of security… How do we protect things we value? Let’s imagine that we have something of value – say, trillions of dollars of gold – what is the best way to protect it? In this case, simply storing the gold in a big warehouse might not suffice. Instead, a more secure approach would involve storing the gold in a high-security vault designed to be exceptionally difficult to breach. The vault would ideally be situated in a remote location, fortified with robust perimeter defenses, advanced surveillance systems, sophisticated access controls, and well-trained security personnel under your control and trust. Essentially, it would necessitate the establishment of a private army! Additionally, it might not be wise not to keep all the gold in one place, despite the increased complexity in managing and securing multiple storage sites. When the value of the gold reaches trillions, considerations for security must extend beyond individual locations. Safeguarding the gold would require contemplating the security of the entire country in which you reside. Without such precautions, an adversary could seize control of your nation and claim all the gold within its borders as their own. Hence, comprehensive protection would necessitate not only an army but also a navy to safeguard the seas and an air force to defend against aerial attacks. This is going to get quite expensive! On a related note, the substantial military expenditure of the United States is partly due to the need to protect valuable and productive assets worldwide, beyond just gold. Inadequate military resources would create a strong incentive for another nation to forcibly acquire what they desire. Of course, valid questions may arise regarding the appropriateness of the military spending, ensuring it is not wasteful, and whether the allocation is appropriately focused. The core problem is that securing digital assets lacks a direct way to impose a physical cost on those who seek to compromise them. Unlike physical assets that can be defended with physical power, such as an army or navy, the digital realm lacks a tangible means to exact a real-world consequence on adversaries. However, let's explore an intriguing possibility: what if there was a way to extract a physical cost from anyone engaging in malicious activities, such as sending unwanted spam, launching cyberattacks, or stealing information and money? What if there was a digital counterpart to an army, navy, or air force? Enter a technology called Bitcoin Most people think of Bitcoin as some form of speculative digital money, albeit one that explodes upwards and crashes down with reckless abandon. Bitcoin is often disparaged for its high energy consumption and slow processing speed (it can only process a limited number of transactions per second). And Bitcoin is often derided because it operates independently of any nation state, making it more susceptible to market manipulation and fraud compared to regulated financial systems. On top of all that, Bitcoin has no cash flows – therefore, some respected investors like Warren Buffett have argued it has no intrinsic value. Yet, Bitcoin's market value today is about $1.3 trillion. If after 15 years Bitcoin is so useless and if it’s a speculative asset, why has it appreciated so much? What’s going on here? Bitcoin as a digital security system Well, it turns out that most people are thinking of Bitcoin in the wrong terms. Rather than viewing Bitcoin as money or some kind of digital gold, it turns out the Bitcoin is really just a technology that offers a type of digital security that we’ve never seen before. And while the criticisms have some truth, Bitcoin was actually intentionally designed to use a lot of energy and to be slow. These are the features that could make it incredibly useful as a form of digital security. To comprehend how Bitcoin works, let's use an analogy. Imagine you're playing a massive game of hide and seek with your friends, where the goal is to find a tiny valuable rock hidden somewhere within a countryside of rolling hills. In this game, you can't just go around and look for the rock, but you have to guess where it could be. You keep making guesses, and each time you guess, you dig in that spot to see if the special rock is there. Given the vast search area and the small size of the rock, finding it becomes challenging. This game is similar to Bitcoin mining. The special rock is like a "block" of Bitcoin transactions, and your guesses are the calculations your computer makes to try and find the block. Special computers called a miners have a singular purpose of guessing “where” the bitcoin are. In the actual Bitcoin game, when a computer finds the special block (approximately every ten minutes), it shows it to all the other computers playing the game. They all check to make sure it's the right block. If it is, then everyone agrees that the computer who found it gets some new bitcoins as a prize. Only 21 million Bitcoin will ever be mined, but they can be subdivided into smaller units if necessary. The game then resets, and a new round begins with a new special block to find. This ongoing process ensures the continuous creation of new bitcoins while also enabling the addition of transactions to the Bitcoin blockchain. By finding more bitcoins, you gain temporary administrator rights for a specific transaction, allowing you to post it on the blockchain. This decentralized nature of Bitcoin, without a central authority controlling the network, exemplifies one of its unique values. There is no CEO or President of Bitcoin. Once something is added to the blockchain it can’t be erased. Importantly, the Bitcoin game is designed to maintain a level of difficulty, making it harder to find the special block even as computers improve at guessing. Consequently, mining Bitcoin requires numerous calculations and substantial electricity consumption. However, it is worth noting that Bitcoin mining currently utilizes less than 0.25% of the world's energy production. When compared to other uses Bitcoin uses about 60% of the energy as mining for gold and just a bit more than computer games or holiday lights. Yet, no one is seeking to ban computer games or holiday lights (yet)! Over the past eight years, Bitcoin mining has become almost 60 times more efficient, and this trend is expected to continue as computing technology advances. Bitcoin miners have strong incentives to minimize their mining costs, leading to two primary strategies: 1) employing more powerful and energy-efficient mining computers, and 2) seeking the cheapest sources of electricity available. Because Bitcoin miners are highly incentivized to drive down their power costs, they have become big users of sustainable sources of electricity – now at about 60% sustainable globally and leading many other industries. Interestingly, utility and electric grid operators often welcome Bitcoin miners as they can voluntarily reduce their electricity usage when grids become overloaded. This enables utilities to avoid excessive spending on short-term power generation, and Bitcoin miners effectively contribute to stabilizing grids rather than disrupting them. Bitcoin’s hashrate – the network’s computing power – is massive The growth in computing power within the Bitcoin network, facilitated by more powerful computers and affordable sustainable electricity, has led to remarkable increases in the hashrate. To understand the concept of hashrate, let's revisit the game of hide and seek analogy. Imagine you can make a guess and dig a spot in the playground every two seconds - quite fast. Now, envision possessing a superpower that allows you to make hundreds, thousands, or even millions of guesses in just one second. This superpower aligns with a computer's mining capability for Bitcoin, known as its "hashrate." A higher hashrate implies that the computer can make more guesses per second, increasing its chances of finding the special block (or 'rock') before anyone else in the game. Presently, Bitcoin's network is operating at a hashrate of more than 500 exahashes per second (500 Ehash/s). An exahash is equivalent to one quintillion (or a billion billion) hashes. Hence, the Bitcoin network is capable of making a staggering 500 quintillion guesses every second. To put this into perspective, it is a number as vast as 500,000,000,000,000,000,000 (500 followed by 18 zeros). This extraordinary computing power is essential for locating those small but significant blocks within the Bitcoin network. This immense hashrate is what contributes to the security of the Bitcoin network. It requires an incredible amount of computing power, surpassing the capabilities of any single country, to successfully post the next transaction on the Bitcoin ledger. Consequently, Bitcoin mining resembles a massive global army safeguarding the ledger against unauthorized access, with no single entity possessing exclusive control. It can stand as a protective force over digital assets, preventing alteration or theft. Any attempt to breach the Bitcoin network's security would incur exorbitant costs and could potentially become a "battlefield" for nation-states. However, each attack only serves to strengthen the network as the overall hashrate grows. My Takeaway: We have all witnessed the remarkable progression of microchips, as they continue to shrink in size, increase in speed, and become more energy-efficient. The advantages of such technological advancements are clear. However, a new concept is now emerging: the macrochip. The Bitcoin network serves as an example of an earth-sized computer that operates at a slower pace and requires substantial energy resources. While the immediate benefits of such a colossal computer may not be readily apparent, it has the potential to address a critical issue that has persisted since the advent of the internet - the lack of physical protection for data and digital assets. In the real world, the ability to impose a cost on potential attackers is essential. Anything of value must be safeguarded, or it risks being taken away by someone else. Just envision what would happen if you were to leave $1 million in cash lying unguarded on the sidewalk! The same principle applies to the digital realm. Increasingly, the things we value are digital in nature (including, but not limited to, money). However, until the advent of Bitcoin, there was no effective way to impose a tangible cost on would-be cyber attackers. Bitcoin, often mistaken for a just digital currency due to its name containing the word "coin," could perhaps be better described as "Bitpower." It operates by converting real-world electricity into bits or data, without the need for any central authority's control. This data can then represent valuable information, property, money, or any other form of value, which can be shielded behind a clever “game.” In conclusion, the progression from microchips to the emerging concept of macrochips, as exemplified by the Bitcoin network, introduces intriguing possibilities for providing physical protection to digital assets. By leveraging the power of energy and encryption, this technology holds the potential to safeguard valuable information and assets in a manner previously unattainable in the digital world. Such a security system could be quite valuable and time will tell whether Bitcoin can truly fulfill this role effectively. For a deeper dive on these ideas watch:“Softwar: Bitcoin as Non-Lethal Warfare” with Jason Lowery - youtu.be/PInd7uRiGjs






