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why are cities in japan so much cleaner than large us cities like new york?
Hoops@Hoopss
The water in Japan is way too clean even during a flood lol
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If you want to talk about popularity, fan favourite, likability and an all time great then it's Yuji Itadori
But if you wanna talk about great writing,growth, determination and inspiring? then it's also Yuji Itadori.
Zmurc@zmurc
Who is the better written mc?
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@thecurioustales Nobody reading this dosht of a longass eassy bitch write a summary
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Your body is running on technology that hasn't been updated in roughly 350 million years.
The basic architecture of human muscle — actin and myosin protein filaments sliding past each other, triggered by calcium ions, powered by ATP — is essentially the same system that moved the first land-walking vertebrates across ancient mud. Evolution optimized it incrementally. It made it efficient. It made it resilient. It made it self-repairing in ways no engineer has ever fully replicated.
But it never made it strong. Not really. Not compared to what's physically possible.
A human muscle fiber generates roughly 0.3 megapascals of stress. Elite powerlifters, decades of training, perfect genetics — they're still operating within the ceiling of that ancient protein machinery. The biological actuator in your body is a magnificent piece of evolutionary engineering, but it has a hard limit baked into its chemistry. Actin-myosin can only pull so hard before the filaments themselves become the bottleneck.
South Korean engineers just built something that operates at 100 times that force output.
The material they developed belongs to a class called twisted and coiled actuators — fibers that contract and expand in response to thermal or electrical stimulation, mimicking the mechanical motion of muscle without using any biological components whatsoever. The specific breakthrough here involves engineering the internal geometry of the fiber so that when energy is applied, the coiled structure doesn't just shorten linearly. It torques, compresses, and amplifies the mechanical output through the geometry of the twist itself. The coil becomes a force multiplier. The architecture does the work that chemistry can't.
What makes this different from previous artificial muscle research — and there's been decades of it — is the gap they closed between laboratory curiosity and functional deployment. Earlier iterations of artificial muscle were impressive on paper and useless in practice. They were slow. They fatigued catastrophically after a few thousand cycles. They required temperature swings so extreme they'd melt adjacent components. They generated force in one direction and had no elegant way to reset. Researchers kept announcing breakthroughs and engineers kept putting them back on the shelf.
The South Korean approach addressed the fatigue problem structurally. By controlling the fiber's internal microarchitecture at the fabrication stage rather than trying to compensate for material weakness with external systems, the actuator maintains its force output across hundreds of thousands of cycles without significant degradation. The muscle doesn't tire the way biological tissue does, because it doesn't accumulate the metabolic debt that biological fatigue actually represents. There's no lactic acid analog. No calcium ion dysregulation. No micro-tear accumulation. The failure modes are mechanical, predictable, and engineerable — which means they can be designed around.
That distinction matters enormously for what comes next.
The robotics industry has been stuck in a specific kind of uncanny valley that has nothing to do with appearance. It has to do with movement. Every robot you've ever seen move and thought "that's clearly a machine" felt that way not because of how it looked but because of how it actuated. Electric servo motors produce torque in discrete, controllable increments but they don't have the continuous, fluid, variable-stiffness quality of biological muscle. Hydraulics are powerful but leaky, heavy, and acoustically violent. Pneumatics are fast but imprecise. The gap between how a human arm reaches for a glass of water and how a robotic arm performs the same task comes almost entirely down to the actuator — the artificial muscle problem.
A material that contracts with 100 times human muscle force while maintaining the lightweight, flexible, scalable properties of a fiber rather than a motor changes that calculus completely. Robots built around these actuators won't move like robots. They'll move the way soft tissue moves — generating force through geometry and material behavior rather than through rigid mechanical advantage. The end effector of a robotic hand built with this technology could apply the precise grip pressure of a surgeon or the full crushing force of industrial machinery from the same physical structure, modulated in real time.
The prosthetics implications are even more immediate. Current myoelectric prosthetic limbs are limited not by computational sophistication — the algorithms for interpreting nerve signals have become remarkably precise — but by the actuator that has to execute the movement. Existing artificial muscles can't match the power-to-weight ratio of biological tissue, which means prosthetic limbs are either underpowered or heavy enough to cause secondary injury to the residual limb. An actuator with 100 times the force output of human muscle tissue at comparable weight doesn't just close that gap. It inverts it entirely. A prosthetic arm built with this material could be meaningfully stronger than the biological arm it replaced, at lower mass, without external power infrastructure.
Sit with the ethics of that for a moment, because the conversation is coming faster than most people realize.
When prosthetics become performance upgrades rather than functional replacements, the framework for human enhancement shifts from rehabilitation to optimization. Competitive sports bodies are already struggling with the classification of athletes with prosthetic limbs — Oscar Pistorius forced that conversation in 2012 and nothing was resolved. If artificial muscle technology produces limbs that are categorically superior to biological ones in force, endurance, and precision, the question stops being "should disabled athletes compete with able-bodied ones" and becomes "at what point does augmentation create a separate category of human performance entirely."
The military has been trying to answer a version of that question for thirty years through exoskeleton research. Lockheed, DARPA, and a dozen international defense programs have poured billions into powered exoskeletons that could allow soldiers to carry superhuman loads without fatigue. Every program has hit the same wall: the actuator technology required to make an exoskeleton genuinely useful without becoming a logistical liability doesn't exist yet. An exoskeleton that requires a backpack generator and weighs 50 kilograms to add 30 kilograms of carrying capacity is not an enhancement — it's a constraint with extra steps.
Artificial muscle fibers that are lightweight, high-force, electrically driven, and fatigue-resistant dissolve that wall.
What South Korean engineers built in a materials lab will eventually find its way into every domain where humans have ever wanted more force, more precision, or more endurance from a body-scale actuator — which turns out to be nearly every domain where humans do physical work at all.
Evolution gave us the best muscle biology could produce in 350 million years of iteration.
Engineering just lapped it.
All day Astronomy@forallcurious
🚨: South Korean engineers created artificial muscles one hundred times stronger than human tissue
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